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Anatomy > Blood for exam 2 of histology > Flashcards

Blood for exam 2 of histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of blood

A

transport nutrient, O2, waste and CO2. Also Delivers hormones, maintain of homeostasis, coagulation and thermoregulation. transport of cells of the immune system and humoral agents

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2
Q

what are the different types of blood cells

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes and Thrombocytes

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3
Q

What does plasma make up

A

45 to 55%

Erythrocytes volume: women: 35%-45% and males 40%- 50

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4
Q

What are the proteins of Plasma

A

Albumin, Globulin and Fibrinogen

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5
Q

What is Albumin

A

Its a protein that regulates colloid osmotic pressure made in the liver. it binds and transports hormones (thyroxin) metabolites( bilirubin) and drugs (barbiturates)

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6
Q

What is Globulins

A

it is a protein that deals with immunoglobulins (antibodies) and maintain osmotic pressure and are carrier proteins of alpha, beta and gamma

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7
Q

What is Fibroinogen

A

it is protein made in the liver and responds to coagulation factors

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8
Q

How examination of blood

A

giesma, Wright’s, leishman

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9
Q

What are Erythrocytes

A

Non-nucleated biconcave, hemoglobin underlying cytoskeleton

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10
Q

Facts erythrocytes

A

destroyed after 120 days by the spleen
Reticulocytes replace and mature in 1 to 2 days

binding of the lattice network to membrane is by ankyrin, which interacts with band 4.2 protein and band 3 integral membrane protein

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11
Q

what are the integral proteins of erythrocytes

A

intergral membrane proteins: Glycophorins and band 3 proteins

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12
Q

What are the peripheral membrane proteins of erythrocytes

A

peripheral membrane protein: actin adducin, band 4.9, tropmyosin, spectrin, band 4.1 all these for a latice network

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13
Q

What is elliptocytosis

A

autosomal dominant disorder where the oval shaped RBC have defective spectrin, protein 4.1 defects, abnormal glycophorin. there is a change in behavior and shape of cells

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14
Q

What is Spherocytosis

A

autosomal dominant disorder, deficiency of spectrin or ankyrin
features are : anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly

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15
Q

What is polycythemia

A

increase in hematocrit

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16
Q

what is poikilocytosis

A

abnormally shaped RBC

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17
Q

What is Sickle cell anemia

A

Point mutation glutamic acid replaced by valine. Defected hemoglobin, change biconcave to sickle shape

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18
Q

What is thalassemia syndrome

A

Heritable anemia, defective synthesis of alpha or beta chains of normal hemoglobin
mostly hba 98%, hba2 and hbf

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19
Q

what is Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Blood group incompatibility between mother and fetus

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20
Q

What is hypo-chromatic anemia

A

of cells normal but they contain reduced amount of hemoglobin

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21
Q

What is iron deficiency

A

production of erythrocytes with insufficient hemoglobin (anemia)

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22
Q

What would reticulocyte increase

A

when there is a demand for increase o2, like hemorrhage or change in altitude

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23
Q

What is pernicious anemia

A

Severe B12 deficiency. impaired production of gastric intrinsic factor by parietal cells in stomach

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24
Q

What is Diapedesis

A

leukocytes leave bloodstream between cells

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25
What are types of leukocytes
neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocytes monocytes and platelets
26
what are the Granulocytes
neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
27
What is a neutrophil
most common phagocytose bacteria, multi-lobed 2 to 5. has a half life of 6 to 7 hours in blood, 1 to 4 days in connective tissue and dies by apoptosis. immature neutrophil is band cell
28
What is the hereditary dysfunction of neutrophils
action does not polymerize right or fails to produce O2, peroxide and hypochlorite and leading to deficient respiratory burst
29
What is a eosinophil
it is phagocytose parasite and responds to allergic rxn, chronic inflammation bilobed nucleus found in GI tract, vagina, uterus and connective of brochi corticosteroids produces rapid decrease no allergic rxn on 1st, 2nd exposure mass degranulation
30
what are the 4 major proteins of eosinophil
Intense Major Basic protein Eosinophilic Cationic Protein Eosinophil Peroxidase Eosinophil derived Neurotoxin
31
What are Basophil
least numerous Fc receptor bind IgE Releases heparin and histamine IgE triggers release of vasoactive agents and causes systemic rxn
32
What is cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity
basophils major cell type @ site of inflammation
33
What are the Agranulocytes
lymphocytes monocytes and platelets
34
What are monocytes
become macrophage 2-8% later become part of MPS and remain in blood for 3 days oval, horseshoe or kidney shaped are antigen presenting an important role in the immune system
35
What are lymphocytes
immune rxn defending against invasion, most common agranulocytes makes up about 30% the only leukocyte that cannot return back to blood from tissues can be small, medium or large but small is common Has B, T, and Natural kill cells Natural killer - kills viral cells
36
What is mononucleosis
It is caused by Epstein Barr -Virus. the symptoms are fatigue, swollen tender lymph, fever, sore throat, more lymphocytes transmitted trough saliva can be deadly for immune compromised people
37
What is Burkitt Lymphoma
Caused by Epstein Barr- virus. non hodgkin type lymphoma. Originates from B lymphocytes and invades non-lymph regions ( Brain, CSF and blood)
38
What is leukemia
it is where normal hemopoietic cells of the bone marrow are replaced by neoplastic cells
39
What are the types of leukemia
acute and chronic
40
What is acute leukemia
mostly happens in children, boys 2-12 and males over 50 and it involves immature cells and is a rapid onset. it suppresses RBC and platelets in bone marrow
41
What is chronic leukemia
mainly in adults, mature cells, slow onset
42
What are thrombocytes
They are blood clotting and repair gaps in blood vessels 200k to 400k per ml of blood lifespan of 10 days and originate from megakarocytes
43
What are the 4 zones of thrombocytes
Peripheral, Structural, organelle and membrane
44
What is the peripheral zone
glycocalyx: platelet adhesion, glycoproteins
45
What is the structural zone
microtubules, actin
46
What is the organelle zone
mitochondria, Peroxisomes, 3 granules
47
What are the 3 granules of Organelle zone
Alpha: Von Willebrand factor, role in initial phase of vessel repair, blood coagulation and platelet aggregation Delta: ADP, ATP, serotonin, and histamine facitiated platelet adhesion and vasoconstriction in area of injured vessels lambda: like lysosomes
48
What is the membrane zone
open canalicular system, dense tubular system Hemophilia A: Clotting factor 8 deficiency and B: Factor 9 deficiency ( christmas) sex line recessive inherited disorder and patients do not coagulate properly
49
What is Hematopoiesis
process where new mature blood cells are generated from the precursor cell and all are derived from hematopoietic stem cells: erythroiesis, leukopoiesis, thrombopoiesis
50
What is primitive hematopoiesis
the yolk sac is the primary producer of blood cells
51
What is definitive hematopoiesis
the liver is a major blood forming organ in the 2nd trimester
52
What is the bone marrow phase
Bone marrow becomes the main blood cell producer between month 7-8
53
What is extrameduallry hematopoiesis
hematopoiesis in organs other than bone as an adult
54
What is hematopoietic growth factors
Control proliferative and maturational phases
55
What are the 3 groups of hemotopoiectic growth factors
Colony stimulating factors erythropoietin and thrombopoietin cytokines ( primarily interleukin)
56
What is Bone Marrow
Endothelial cells, marrow fibroblasts and stromal cells produce hematopoietic growth factors and cytokines
57
What are the types of bone marrow
Red ( hematogenous) blood and blood forming cells that consist of marrow stomal compartment and hematopoietic cell compartment Yellow adipose cells and its replaced by red for sever bleeding or hypoxia
58
What is erythropoiesis
Synthesis of hemoglobin and formation of an enuncleatead biconcave erythrocyte and occurs in bone marrow
59
What is hemochromatosis
excessive iron absorption and tissue deposits
60
What is hypo-chromic anemia
Decrease in iron by excessive menstrual flow or GI bleeding determines a reduction in hemoglobin containing iron. RBC smaller and under-pigmented

Anatomy (5 decks)

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