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Anatomy > Blood for exam 2 of histology > Flashcards

Blood for exam 2 of histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of blood

A

transport nutrient, O2, waste and CO2. Also Delivers hormones, maintain of homeostasis, coagulation and thermoregulation. transport of cells of the immune system and humoral agents

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2
Q

what are the different types of blood cells

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes and Thrombocytes

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3
Q

What does plasma make up

A

45 to 55%

Erythrocytes volume: women: 35%-45% and males 40%- 50

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4
Q

What are the proteins of Plasma

A

Albumin, Globulin and Fibrinogen

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5
Q

What is Albumin

A

Its a protein that regulates colloid osmotic pressure made in the liver. it binds and transports hormones (thyroxin) metabolites( bilirubin) and drugs (barbiturates)

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6
Q

What is Globulins

A

it is a protein that deals with immunoglobulins (antibodies) and maintain osmotic pressure and are carrier proteins of alpha, beta and gamma

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7
Q

What is Fibroinogen

A

it is protein made in the liver and responds to coagulation factors

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8
Q

How examination of blood

A

giesma, Wright’s, leishman

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9
Q

What are Erythrocytes

A

Non-nucleated biconcave, hemoglobin underlying cytoskeleton

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10
Q

Facts erythrocytes

A

destroyed after 120 days by the spleen
Reticulocytes replace and mature in 1 to 2 days

binding of the lattice network to membrane is by ankyrin, which interacts with band 4.2 protein and band 3 integral membrane protein

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11
Q

what are the integral proteins of erythrocytes

A

intergral membrane proteins: Glycophorins and band 3 proteins

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12
Q

What are the peripheral membrane proteins of erythrocytes

A

peripheral membrane protein: actin adducin, band 4.9, tropmyosin, spectrin, band 4.1 all these for a latice network

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13
Q

What is elliptocytosis

A

autosomal dominant disorder where the oval shaped RBC have defective spectrin, protein 4.1 defects, abnormal glycophorin. there is a change in behavior and shape of cells

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14
Q

What is Spherocytosis

A

autosomal dominant disorder, deficiency of spectrin or ankyrin
features are : anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly

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15
Q

What is polycythemia

A

increase in hematocrit

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16
Q

what is poikilocytosis

A

abnormally shaped RBC

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17
Q

What is Sickle cell anemia

A

Point mutation glutamic acid replaced by valine. Defected hemoglobin, change biconcave to sickle shape

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18
Q

What is thalassemia syndrome

A

Heritable anemia, defective synthesis of alpha or beta chains of normal hemoglobin
mostly hba 98%, hba2 and hbf

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19
Q

what is Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Blood group incompatibility between mother and fetus

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20
Q

What is hypo-chromatic anemia

A

of cells normal but they contain reduced amount of hemoglobin

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21
Q

What is iron deficiency

A

production of erythrocytes with insufficient hemoglobin (anemia)

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22
Q

What would reticulocyte increase

A

when there is a demand for increase o2, like hemorrhage or change in altitude

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23
Q

What is pernicious anemia

A

Severe B12 deficiency. impaired production of gastric intrinsic factor by parietal cells in stomach

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24
Q

What is Diapedesis

A

leukocytes leave bloodstream between cells

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25
Q

What are types of leukocytes

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocytes monocytes and platelets

26
Q

what are the Granulocytes

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

27
Q

What is a neutrophil

A

most common phagocytose bacteria, multi-lobed 2 to 5. has a half life of 6 to 7 hours in blood, 1 to 4 days in connective tissue and dies by apoptosis. immature neutrophil is band cell

28
Q

What is the hereditary dysfunction of neutrophils

A

action does not polymerize right or fails to produce O2, peroxide and hypochlorite and leading to deficient respiratory burst

29
Q

What is a eosinophil

A

it is phagocytose parasite and responds to allergic rxn, chronic inflammation
bilobed nucleus
found in GI tract, vagina, uterus and connective of brochi
corticosteroids produces rapid decrease
no allergic rxn on 1st, 2nd exposure mass degranulation

30
Q

what are the 4 major proteins of eosinophil

A

Intense Major Basic protein
Eosinophilic Cationic Protein
Eosinophil Peroxidase
Eosinophil derived Neurotoxin

31
Q

What are Basophil

A

least numerous Fc receptor bind IgE
Releases heparin and histamine
IgE triggers release of vasoactive agents and causes systemic rxn

32
Q

What is cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity

A

basophils major cell type @ site of inflammation

33
Q

What are the Agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes monocytes and platelets

34
Q

What are monocytes

A

become macrophage 2-8%
later become part of MPS and remain in blood for 3 days
oval, horseshoe or kidney shaped
are antigen presenting an important role in the immune system

35
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

immune rxn defending against invasion, most common agranulocytes makes up about 30%
the only leukocyte that cannot return back to blood from tissues
can be small, medium or large but small is common
Has B, T, and Natural kill cells
Natural killer - kills viral cells

36
Q

What is mononucleosis

A

It is caused by Epstein Barr -Virus. the symptoms are fatigue, swollen tender lymph, fever, sore throat, more lymphocytes
transmitted trough saliva
can be deadly for immune compromised people

37
Q

What is Burkitt Lymphoma

A

Caused by Epstein Barr- virus. non hodgkin type lymphoma. Originates from B lymphocytes and invades non-lymph regions ( Brain, CSF and blood)

38
Q

What is leukemia

A

it is where normal hemopoietic cells of the bone marrow are replaced by neoplastic cells

39
Q

What are the types of leukemia

A

acute and chronic

40
Q

What is acute leukemia

A

mostly happens in children, boys 2-12 and males over 50 and it involves immature cells and is a rapid onset. it suppresses RBC and platelets in bone marrow

41
Q

What is chronic leukemia

A

mainly in adults, mature cells, slow onset

42
Q

What are thrombocytes

A

They are blood clotting and repair gaps in blood vessels
200k to 400k per ml of blood
lifespan of 10 days and originate from megakarocytes

43
Q

What are the 4 zones of thrombocytes

A

Peripheral, Structural, organelle and membrane

44
Q

What is the peripheral zone

A

glycocalyx: platelet adhesion, glycoproteins

45
Q

What is the structural zone

A

microtubules, actin

46
Q

What is the organelle zone

A

mitochondria, Peroxisomes, 3 granules

47
Q

What are the 3 granules of Organelle zone

A

Alpha: Von Willebrand factor, role in initial phase of vessel repair, blood coagulation and platelet aggregation
Delta: ADP, ATP, serotonin, and histamine facitiated platelet adhesion and vasoconstriction in area of injured vessels
lambda: like lysosomes

48
Q

What is the membrane zone

A

open canalicular system, dense tubular system
Hemophilia A: Clotting factor 8 deficiency and B: Factor 9 deficiency ( christmas)
sex line recessive inherited disorder and patients do not coagulate properly

49
Q

What is Hematopoiesis

A

process where new mature blood cells are generated from the precursor cell and all are derived from hematopoietic stem cells: erythroiesis, leukopoiesis, thrombopoiesis

50
Q

What is primitive hematopoiesis

A

the yolk sac is the primary producer of blood cells

51
Q

What is definitive hematopoiesis

A

the liver is a major blood forming organ in the 2nd trimester

52
Q

What is the bone marrow phase

A

Bone marrow becomes the main blood cell producer between month 7-8

53
Q

What is extrameduallry hematopoiesis

A

hematopoiesis in organs other than bone as an adult

54
Q

What is hematopoietic growth factors

A

Control proliferative and maturational phases

55
Q

What are the 3 groups of hemotopoiectic growth factors

A

Colony stimulating factors
erythropoietin and thrombopoietin
cytokines ( primarily interleukin)

56
Q

What is Bone Marrow

A

Endothelial cells, marrow fibroblasts and stromal cells produce hematopoietic growth factors and cytokines

57
Q

What are the types of bone marrow

A

Red ( hematogenous)
blood and blood forming cells that consist of marrow stomal compartment and hematopoietic cell compartment
Yellow
adipose cells and its replaced by red for sever bleeding or hypoxia

58
Q

What is erythropoiesis

A

Synthesis of hemoglobin and formation of an enuncleatead biconcave erythrocyte and occurs in bone marrow

59
Q

What is hemochromatosis

A

excessive iron absorption and tissue deposits

60
Q

What is hypo-chromic anemia

A

Decrease in iron by excessive menstrual flow or GI bleeding determines a reduction in hemoglobin containing iron. RBC smaller and under-pigmented

Anatomy (5 decks)

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