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BIO 122 > Blood Circulation > Flashcards

Blood Circulation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

transport substances in all the exchange surfaces within the animal

A

Circulatory system

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2
Q

W hat are 2 types of circulatory systems

A

Open and closed circulatory systems

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3
Q

Parts of Circulatory system (4)

A

Propulsive organ
Arterial system
Capillaries
Venous system

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4
Q

Pumps blood around the body

A

Propulsive organ

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5
Q

Distribution of blood and pressure resevoir

A

Arterial System

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6
Q

Sites of transfer of substances from blood to tissues and vice versa

A

Capillaries

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7
Q

Blood reservoir, system for returning blood to the heart

A

Venous system

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8
Q

Arteries, capillaries, and veins constitute the??

A

Peripheral circulation system

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9
Q

What causes the blood to flow?

A
  • Rhythmic contractions of the heart
  • Recoil of arteries
  • Body movements
  • Contractions of smooth muscle
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10
Q

receive blood from circulation

A

Atrium

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11
Q

pumps blood to blood vessels

A

Ventricle

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12
Q

brings blood AWAY from the heart
Usually contain oxygenated blood

A

Artery

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13
Q

Leads to capillaries

A

Arteriole

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14
Q

Where exchange of substances takes place

A

Capillary

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15
Q

Leads to vein

A

Venules

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16
Q

Brings blood TO the heart, usually contains deoxygenated blood

A

Vein

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17
Q

These are the only caveats to the oxygenation and deoxygenation rule

A

Pulmonary vein (Oxygenated) and arteries (Deoxygenated)

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18
Q

Two states of the cardiac cycle

A

Systole (Contraction)
Diastole (Relaxation)

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19
Q

Initiates electrical activity in the heart

A

Pacemaker

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20
Q

Two types of pacemakers and where they can be found

A

Neurogenic - Invertebrates

Myogenic - Vertebrates and some invertebrates

21
Q

summation of the electrical activity in various parts of the heart

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

22
Q

Major components of the ECG

A

P Wave
QRS Wave
T Wave

23
Q

What do the different components of the electrocardiogram mean?

A

P – atrial depolarization
QRS – ventricular depolarization
T – ventricular repolarization

24
Q

Path of the spread of cardiac excitation in mammalian heart

A

SA Node -> AV Node -> Bundle of His -> Purkinje Fibers

25
Q

heart beat per minute

A

Heart rate

26
Q

Amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle during each beat

A

Stroke Volume

27
Q

Factors affecting Heart Rate

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic activity

28
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation _____ cardiac output

A

Reduces

ACh decreases heart rate, excitability of the AV Node, and shortens the action potential

29
Q

Sympathetic stimulation _____ cardiac output

A

Increases

Norepinephrine increases heart rate, reduces the AV nodal delay, speeds up the spread of the action potential, and increases contractile strength

30
Q

Factors Affecting Stroke Volume

A

Intrinsic control – venous return

Extrinsic control – sympathetic stimulation

increase stroke volume by increasing the strength of contraction of the heart

31
Q

States that the greater the volume of blood filling the heart during diastole (relaxation), the more forcefully the heart contracts during systole (contraction), leading to an increased stroke volume and cardiac output.

A

Frank-Starling Law of the Heart

32
Q

layers of the fluid slide smoothly over each other - characterized by a parabolic velocity profile across the vessel

A

Laminar Flow

33
Q

fluid moves in directions not aligned with the axis of the flow - increase in the energy needed to move fluid through a vessel

A

Turbulent Flow

34
Q

Hemodynamic flow law

A

Q = ΔP/R

Q = flow rate of fluid through a vessel (quantity per unit time)
ΔP = pressure gradient, or P1 − P2
P1 = pressure at the inflow end of a vessel
P2 = pressure at the outflow end of a vessel
R = resistance of blood vessels

35
Q

Factors affecting flow rate

A
  1. Pressure gradient — driving force for flow
  2. Resistance— hindrance to flow caused by friction between fluid and walls
36
Q

How to calculate for resistance in blood vessels

A

o Viscosity, η, increases with hematocrit
o Vessel length, L
o Vessel radius, r

R = 8ηL/πr^4

37
Q

These are the major resistance vessels

A

Arterioles

38
Q

Total resistance offered by all the systemic peripheral vessels

A

Total Peripheral resistance

39
Q

The primary determinant of total
peripheral resistance is the

A

adjustable arteriolar radius

40
Q

States that flow of blood is directly proportional to pressure gradient, inversely related to viscosity

A

Poiseuille-Hagen Law

Q = πΔPr^4/8ηL

41
Q

Relative viscosity of blood decreases with diameter and approaches the viscosity of plasma (< 0.3 mm diameter vessels)

A

Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect

42
Q

accumulation of RBC in the center of blood stream, leaving the sides of vessels low in RBC and high in plasma

A

Plasma Skimming Effect

43
Q

Found in the medulla, can regulate cardiac output and arteriolar resistance to maintain proper blood flow for gas transprot

A

Cardiovascular Control Center

44
Q

(pressure sensors, a type of mechanoreceptor) - monitor blood pressure at various sites in the cardiovascular system

A

Baroreceptors

45
Q

Baroreceptor that protects blood flow to the brain

A

Carotid Sinus Baroreceptor

46
Q

Baroreceptor that protects blood flow to the heart

A

Aortic Arch Baroreceptor

47
Q
  • Respond with an increase in discharge frequency to an in- crease in CO, or to decreases in 02, and pH of the blood perfusing the carotid and aortic bodies
A

Arterial Chemoreceptors

48
Q

Check DIagrams on the last 5 pages of the pdf

A

Gl

BIO 122 (3 decks)

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