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Clin & Path > Blood Chemistry Analysis > Flashcards

Blood Chemistry Analysis Flashcards

0
Q

What type of comparison does a blood chemistry analysis involve?

A

The comparison of measurable blood components of a patient to the normal values of the general population.

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1
Q

What does a blood chemistry analysis do?

A

Substantiates clinical signs.

Detects sub clinical abnormalities.

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2
Q

What are Reference Ranges?

A

The normal values.

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3
Q

How are the normal values derived?

A

By measuring the blood chemistry components of clinically normal animals.

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4
Q

How do reference ranges vary?

A

By species, breed, sex, age, nutrition, and geographic region.

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5
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins found inside cells that increase the rate of biochemical reactions.

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6
Q

Very low levels of enzymes are normally present in what?

A

The blood

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7
Q

Increased levels of enzymes in blood are usually seen if…

A

Cells are damaged.

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8
Q

Enzymes cannot be _____ so _____________ must be done.

A

Cannot be measured directly but must be made to catalyze a chemical reaction whose product can be measured.

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9
Q

How are enzyme concentrations measured?

A

In international units (IU or U) = amount of enzyme necessary to convert 1 micro mole of substrate to product in one minute.

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10
Q

What are the factors influencing enzyme activity?

A 
Temperature
Dehydration
Ultraviolet light
pH extremes
Organic solvents
Heavy metal solvents
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11
Q

Enzyme names usually end with what?

A

With the suffix -ase

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12
Q

What might an enzyme’s name indicate?

A

It’s substrate or the type of chemical reaction it facilitates.

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13
Q

The liver is…

A

The largest internal organ with many vital functions.

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14
Q

What are the livers vital functions?

A

Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats
Synthesis of albumin, clotting factors
Secretion of bilirubin
Metabolism and elimination of toxins, drugs

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15
Q

What are three enzymes associated with hepatocellular injury?

A
  1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
  2. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
  3. Sorbitol dehydrogenase
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16
Q

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is liver specific is liver in what and not liver specific in what?

A

Liver specific in dogs and cats. Not liver specific in horses, cattle, and swine.

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17
Q

Increased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) may also be due to what?

A

Drug administration (glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants)

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18
Q

What are Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) not?

A

Not liver specific.

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19
Q

Increased levels of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are often seen with what?

A

Muscle Inflammation, hemolysis of blood sample.

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20
Q

Sodium dehydrogenase is what and not routinely what?

A

Is liver specific in all species and is not routinely measured.

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21
Q

What are two enzymes associated with obstruction of bile flow?

A
  1. Alkaline phosphate (Alk Phos., AP)

2. Gamma glutamyltranspeptidase/glutamyltransferase (GGT)

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22
Q

Alkaline phosphate is not what?

A

Not liver specific.

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23
Q

Alkaline phosphate is useful in what and not useful in what?

A

Useful in dogs and cats.

Not useful in horses and cattle.

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24
Q

Increased levels of alkaline phosphate often seen with what?

A

Bone injury, rapidly growing animals, and use of glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants.

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25
Q

What is the primary source for GGT?

A

Liver

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26
Q

GGT works well in what?

A

Small, large animals.

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27
Q

What may increase levels of GGT?

A

Use of glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants.

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28
Q

What is bilirubin derived from?

A

Hemoglobin released by lysed RBCs.

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29
Q

What are increased levels of bilirubin associated with?

A

Increased RBC destruction or liver disease.

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30
Q

What should be avoided when testing a blood sample for bilirubin?

A

Avoid exposure of blood sample to light.

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31
Q

What might lead to falsely elevated readings of bilirubin in a blood sample?

A

Lipemia and hemolysis of blood sample.

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32
Q

What are bile acids and what do they do?

A

They are substances produced by the liver and secreted in bile to promote the digestion and absorption of fat from the small intestine.

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33
Q

How are bile acids removed from circulation?

A

They are reabsorbed from the SI and removed from circulation by the liver.

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34
Q

When might bile acids be increased?

A

In portosystemic shunts and chronic liver disease.

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35
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

Eliminates metabolic wastes
Maintains normal homeostasis (regulates electrolyte, essential organic molecule levels)
Produces important hormones

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36
Q

What does BUN stand for?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen

37
Q

What is urea?

A

A metabolic waste that results from amino acid breakdown.

38
Q

Where is urea freely filtered?

A

At the glomerulus.

39
Q

Increased BUN (i.e. azotemia) May be due to what?

A

Prerenal Abnormalities
Renal Abnormalities
Postrenal Abnormalities

40
Q

BUN false positives may occur how?

A

If the animal ingests a high protein meal prior to test.

41
Q

What is creatinine?

A

A nitrogen-containing molecule released from muscle at a constant rate.

42
Q

Creatinine is freely filtered by what?

A

The kidney at a frequent rate.

43
Q

Increased levels of creatinine are due to what?

A

Prerenal Abnormalities
Renal Abnormalities
Postrenal Abnormalities

44
Q

The pancreas is an important gland involved in what?

A

Digestion of food and regulation of blood glucose.

45
Q

Digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas include what?

A

Amylase
Lipase
Trypsin

46
Q

Where are amylase and lipase commonly measured?

A

In blood chemistry panels.

47
Q

Where are amylase and lipase found primarily?

A

In the pancreas but also found in other parts of the GI tract.

48
Q

What are increased levels of amylase and lipase associated with?

A

Injury to pancreatic cells.

Elevations 3x the normal level considered significant.

49
Q

What is Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity (PLI)?

A

A highly specific test for pancreatitis in both dogs and cats.

50
Q

What can a PLI be used to diagnose?

A

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)

51
Q

What is the test for Trypsin?

A

Trypsin-Like Immunoreactivity (TLI)

52
Q

Increased levels of Trypsin is associated with what?

A

Pancreatitis

53
Q

Decreased levels of Trypsin associated with what?

A

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)

54
Q

What is utilized by the body tissues for energy?

A

Glucose

55
Q

Blood glucose level reflects an equilibrium between what?

A

The amount of glucose entering the bloodstream.

The amount of glucose leaving the bloodstream.

56
Q

What helps maintain normal blood glucose levels?

A

Glucagon and insulin.

57
Q

What is hyperglycemia seen with?

A

Diabetes mellitus

58
Q

What is hypoglycemia seen with?

A

Insulinoma

Decreased food intake

59
Q

What must be done when testing for glucose?

A

Fast animals before testing.

Separate RBCs from serum after blood collection.

60
Q

How many types of plasma proteins are produced in the body?

A

Over 200

61
Q

What are some of the many functions of plasma proteins?

A

Part of the structural matrix of cells
Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies

62
Q

What are the three most important and largest plasma protein fractions?

A

Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen

63
Q

What is total plasma protein?

A

All plasma proteins added together.

64
Q

Total plasma protein is a good indicator of what?

A

Overall health

65
Q

Total plasma protein can be high with what and low with what?

A

High with chronic inflammation or infection.

Low with liver disease.

66
Q

What is Albumin?

A

An important protein produced by hepatocytes.

Makes up 35-50% of total plasma protein level.

67
Q

What is Globulin?

A

Second largest plasma protein fraction.
Produced in the liver and by B-lymphocytes,
Has various functions.

68
Q

When are increased levels of globulins seen?

A

With infection, chronic inflammation, and neoplasia.

69
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

Protein produced in the liver.
Involved in blood clot formation.
Makes up 3-6% of total plasma protein.

70
Q

How is fibrinogen measured in the clinic?

A

By heating a micro hematocrit tube to precipitate fibrinogen.

71
Q

Increased levels of fibrinogen occur with what?

A

Inflammation/tissue injury

72
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Mineral ions (cations, anions) found in circulating blood.

73
Q

What do electrolytes play an important role in?

A

Maintenance of water balance.
Nervous function.
Muscular function.

74
Q

What does potassium play an important role in?

A

Maintaining normal neuromuscular function.

75
Q

Hypokalemia occurs with what?

A

Vomiting and chronic renal failure,

76
Q

Where is calcium important?

A

Muscular function

77
Q

What can calcium not be measured in?

A

Anticoagulated plasma

78
Q

When is hypocalcemia seen?

A

Eclampsia/puerperal tetany

79
Q

Phosphorus is important in?

A

Energy storage, part of normal cell membrane.

80
Q

Hyperphosphatemia is seen in what?

A

Chronic renal failure.

81
Q

Sodium is important in what?

A

Maintaining water balance in the body.

82
Q

Hyponatremia occurs with what?

A

Vomiting and diarrhea

83
Q

Chloride is important in what?

A

Water balance

84
Q

Hypochloremia occurs with what?

A

Vomiting

85
Q

Magnesium is important in what?

A

Neuromuscular function

86
Q

Hypomagnesemia is seen in what?

A

Grass tetany

87
Q 
Creatine Kinase (CPK) and
Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) are found chiefly in what?
A

Muscle tissue

88
Q 
Increased levels of Creatine Kinase (CPK) and
Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) occur with what?
A

Muscle injury, trauma, exercise, surgery, and injection.

89
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A type of fat formed inside the body from fatty acids.

Important component of cellular membranes, adrenal and gonadal hormones.

90
Q

Where is cholesterol found?

A

In many tissues including the liver, adrenal gland, gonads, nerves.

91
Q

Abnormally high levels of cholesterol seen in what?

A

Diseases with abnormal cholesterol metabolism.

Hypothyroidism,
Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s), diabetes mellitus.

Clin & Path (2 decks)

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