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TEAS SCIENCE > Blood (Chapter 19) > Flashcards

Blood (Chapter 19) Flashcards

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1
Q

Specialized connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix:

A

blood

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2
Q

Name the functions of blood:

A
  1. transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes. 2. regulating pH and ion composition of interstitial fluid. 3. restricting fluid losses at injury sites. 4. defending against toxins and pathogens. 5. stabilizing body temperature.
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3
Q

blood contains ____ that carry oxygen from the lungs to peripheral tissues, and carry carbon dioxide from those tissues to the lungs.

A

red blood cells

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4
Q

What absorbs the wastes produced by tissue cells and carries them to the kidneys for excretion?

A

blood

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5
Q

Physical characteristics of blood:

A

temperature is about 38 degrees C or 100.4 degrees F. Blood is five times as viscous as water. Blood is slightly alkaline, with pH between 7.35 and 7.45.

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6
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)

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7
Q

Whole blood is composed of:

A

plasma and formed elements

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8
Q

Blood is ____ for analytical or chemical purposes

A

fractionated

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9
Q

____ makes up about 55% of the volume of whole blood.

A

plasma

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10
Q

Plasma includes:

A

plasma proteins, other solutes such as nutrients, electrolytes, and wastes, it also contain water.

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11
Q

Name the three plasma proteins found in plasma:

A

albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

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12
Q

What type of plasma protein is important for transporting fatty acids, thyroid hormones, some steroid hormones, and other substances?

A

albumins

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13
Q

What type of plasma protein include antibodies that aid in body defense?

A

globulins (immunoglobulins)

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14
Q

This type of plasma protein functions in clotting:

A

fibrinogen

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15
Q

What organ synthesizes and releases more than 90% of the plasma proteins?

A

liver

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16
Q

What makes up the formed elements of blood?

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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17
Q

Formed elements make up what percentage of whole blood volume?

A

45%

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18
Q

The percentage of a blood sample that consists of formed elements is known as the _______

A

hematocrit

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19
Q

Formed elements are produced in the process of_____.

A

hemopoiesis

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20
Q

Red blood cells are called________.

A

erythrocytes (account for 99.9% of the formed elements)

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21
Q

The red pigment of red blood cells is due to:

A

hemoglobin

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22
Q

_______ binds and transports the respiratory gases oxygen and carbon dioxide.

A

hemoglobin

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23
Q

Mature red blood cells are _____ meaning, without nuclei.

A

anucleate

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24
Q

A red blood cells lifespan is relative short: _____ days, because they ___________.

A

about 120; cannot repair themselves (unable to synthesize proteins or enzymes)

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25
Q

______is responsible for the red blood cell’s ability to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

A

hemoglobin

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26
Q

Each heme unit holds an _____ ion.

A

iron

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27
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule contains ___ heme units

A

4

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28
Q

What condition interferes with oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues causing an individual to become weak and lethargic?

A

anemia

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29
Q

When the hematocrit and low or the hemoglobin content of red blood cells is reduced it causes a condition known as:

A

anemia

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30
Q

What is the term for the formation of red blood cells?

A

erythropoiesis

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31
Q

In adults, where does erythropoiesis take place?

A

red bone marrow

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32
Q

Term for low oxygen level in tissues:

A

hypoxia

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33
Q

Term for substances that can trigger a protective defense mechanism called an immune response.

A

antigen

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34
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells

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35
Q

Does a RBC or a WBC have a nuclei and organelles?

A

white blood cells

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36
Q

White blood cells lack _____.

A

hemoglobin

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37
Q

Most WBCs are found in ________.

A

connective tissue or organs of the lymphatic system

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38
Q

Name the functions of white blood cells:

A
  1. all can migrate out of the bloodstream. 2. capable of amoeboid movement: move through the endothelial lining and into peripheral tissues. 3. attracted to specific chemical stimuli.
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39
Q

Term for the ability of a WBC to squeeze between adjacent endothelial cells and enter the surrounding tissue:

A

emigration or diapedesis

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40
Q

Term for the WBCs ability to be guided to invading pathogens and other damaged tissue:

A

chemotaxis

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41
Q

WBCs are divided into two groups based on their appearance after staining:

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

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42
Q

Granulocytes include:

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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43
Q

Agranulocytes include:

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

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44
Q

Which WBCs are part of the body’s nonspecific defenses?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes

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45
Q

Macrophages are ______ that have moved out of the bloodstream and have become actively phagocytic.

A

monocytes

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46
Q

What type of WBC is responsible for specific defenses?

A

lymphocytes

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47
Q

Neutrophils kill bacteria by producing the chemical agents_______ and __________.

A

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide ions (O2-)

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48
Q

These white blood cells are usually the first to arrive at a wound and after their death form ___ associated with infected wounds.

A

neutrophils; pus

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49
Q

This WBC is attracted to parasites and increase in number during inflammation. They also are attracted to sites of injury where they release enzymes that reduce inflammation produced by mast cells.

A

eosinophils

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50
Q

This WBC accumulate in damaged tissues and secrete histamine and heparin.

A

basophils

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51
Q

histamine____ blood vessels.

A

dilates

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52
Q

heparin prevents _____.

A

blood clotting

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53
Q

A ______ is a monster cell that engulfs debris and pathogens.

A

monocyte

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54
Q

Name the three classes of lymphocytes:

A

T cells, B cells, natural killer cells

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55
Q

The lymphocyte responsible for cell-mediated immunity–specific defense mechanism:

A

T cell

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56
Q

The lymphocyte responsible for humoral immunity, a specific defense mechanism that involves the production of antibodies.

A

B cell

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57
Q

This type of lymphocyte carries out immune surveillance by detection and destruction of abnormal cells:

A

natural killer cells

58
Q

blood is a _____ and a ______.

A

fluid; connective tissue

59
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

transport, regulation (pH, H20, temp.), protection (WBCs, platelets, chemical)

60
Q

Most of blood as a tissue is made of:

A

plasma

61
Q

What is the most abundant chemical in plasma?

A

water

62
Q

What is the most abundant protein in blood that is used for transport?

A

albumin

63
Q

What three proteins are found in blood?

A

albumins, globulins, fibrinogens

64
Q

Name of the immune proteins?

A

globulins

65
Q

Name of the clotting protein?

A

fibrinogen

66
Q

What is the cellular component of blood called?

A

formed elements

67
Q

Normal temperature of blood?

A

38 degrees C

68
Q

Normal pH of blood:

A

7.35-7.45

69
Q

The formed elements include:

A

RBCs, WBCs, platelets/thrombocytes

70
Q

What are the most differentiated blood cells?

A

WBCs

71
Q

All blood cells are produced in the____

A

bone marrow

72
Q

Name of process by which blood is made in the bone marrow:

A

hematopoiesis/hemopoisis

73
Q

Normal RBCs are described as:

A

a bi-concave disc without a nucleus

74
Q

All blood cells begin as a______

A

pluripotent stem cell

75
Q

The myeloid stem cell pathway creates:

A

RBCs, platelets, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

76
Q

The lymphoid stem cell pathway develops:

A

monocytes, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes

77
Q

What is a red blood cell’s job?

A

carry the gases related to cellular respiration (O2, CO2)

78
Q

Another name for a red blood cell:

A

erythrocyte

79
Q

The cytoplasm of red blood cell is made of:

A

hemoglobin

80
Q

Hemoglobin is made of:

A

a heme group and beta and alpha polypeptide chains

81
Q

What does the iron in hemoglobin provide?

A

a place for oxygen to attach

82
Q

Each hemoglobin can carry ____ oxygen molecules.

A

4

83
Q

Large amounts of O2 means we can make____.

A

ATP through cellular respiration

84
Q

Anemia results in a decrease in ____ which leads to a decrease in _____.

A

O2; ATP

85
Q

RBCs die after____ days.

A

120

86
Q

When red blood cells die they go to the:

A

liver, spleen, and bone marrow

87
Q

What organ releases erythropoietin to trigger the bone marrow to produce more RBCs?

A

kidneys

88
Q

Which white blood cells are granulocytes?

A

eosinophils, basophil, neutrophil

89
Q

Which white blood cells are agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

90
Q

WBCs activate the ____ system and _____ process for wound repair.

A

immune; inflammatory response

91
Q

The most abundant of WBCs:

A

neutrophils

92
Q

Neutrophils are best at fighting off ____ by using the process of ______.

A

bacteria; phagocytosis

93
Q

Term for the process where chemicals in the blood stream alert the neutrophils:

A

chemotaxis

94
Q

Term for when neutrophils work their way through the wall of blood vessels to fight bacteria through phagocytosis:

A

diapedesis

95
Q

Neutrophils release:

A

hydrogen peroxide and bleach

96
Q

Name the two defensins released by neutrophils:

A

bactereocydal, bacteriostatic

97
Q

These WBCs fight off parasites:

A

eosinophils

98
Q

Eosinophils secrete the enzyme _____ that breaks down histamine.

A

histaminase

99
Q

What is the least abundant WBC?

A

basophil

100
Q

Which WBC secretes histamine to trigger inflammation? (works to reduce further injury and trigger wound repair)

A

basophil

101
Q

This WBC carries out an aggressive form of phagocytosis by way of ______.

A

monocytes; macrophages

102
Q

These WBCs work primarily for the immune system and contain T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte:

A

lymphocytes

103
Q

T cells originate in the:

A

thymus gland

104
Q

B cells originate in the:

A

bone marrow

105
Q

What is the term for the maturation phase of lymphocytes to recognize foreign structures, kill and get rid of the invader without damaging tissue?

A

immunocompetence

106
Q

What carries out cell mediated immunity?

A

T cells

107
Q

What carries out humoral mediated immunity?

A

B cells

108
Q

B cells and T cells respond to foreign bodies called:

A

antigens

109
Q

The process of _____, the stopping of bleeding, halts the loss of blood through the walls of damaged vessels.

A

hemostasis

110
Q

What are the three phases of hemostasis?

A

vascular (blood vessel constricts), platelet reaction phase, and coagulation phase

111
Q

And endothelium is always attached to a ______.

A

basement membrane

112
Q

myeloid means…

A

red bone marrow

113
Q

erythropoiesis is stimulated by the hormone:

A

erythropoieten (EPO)

114
Q

What are the two major effects of erythropoieten?

A
  1. stimulates cell division rates in erythroblasts 2. speeds up maturation of RBC by accelerating hemoglobin synthesis.
115
Q

Macrophages of the ___, ____, and ____ play a central role in recycling red blood cell components.

A

spleen, liver, red bone marrow

116
Q

The alpha and beta chain of hemoglobin are filtered by the:

A

kidneys and eliminated in urine

117
Q

Term for an inadequate number of WBCs:

A

leukopenia

118
Q

Term for an excessive number of WBCs:

A

leukocytosis

119
Q

Extreme leukocytosis generally indicates the presence of _____.

A

leukemia

120
Q

The process of WBC production is called:

A

leukopoiesis

121
Q

Platelets play a major role in a vascular _______

A

clotting system

122
Q

During damage to a blood vessel the endothelium is damaged and the basement membrane and underlying connective tissues are exposed–this leads to:

A

platelet aggregation (platelets are attracted to the damaged area)

123
Q

Platelet aggregation causes the release reaction which attracts more platelets which then attracts several layers of platelets–this is an example of:

A

positive feedback

124
Q

____ prevents platelets from adhering.

A

anticoagulents

125
Q

The _____ is a series of chemical reactions that cause blood to go from a liquid to a solid:

A

clotting pathway

126
Q

The transformation of fibrinogen to fibrin is an example of the_____

A

clotting pathway

127
Q

What inhibits the clotting pathway?

A

heparin

128
Q

What is a chemical/enzyme that breaks down clots?

A

plasminogen

129
Q

The process of _____ halts the loss of blood through the walls of damaged vessels.

A

hemostasis

130
Q

Platelet production is called _____ and takes place in the ____.

A

thrombocytopoiesis; red bone marrow

131
Q

What organ synthesizes and releases more than 90% of the blood’s plasma proteins?

A

liver

132
Q

Condition in which a drifting blood clot becomes stuck in a blood vessel, blocking circulation:

A

embolism

133
Q

What is the primary function of hemoglobin?

A

carry O2 to the peripheral tissues

134
Q

Which type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest numbers in a infected cut?

A

neutrophils because they are phagocytic and the first to arrive at the site of an injury

135
Q

Which type of blood cell would you find in elevated numbers in a person who is producing large amounts of circulating antibodies to combat a virus?

A

lymphocytes, because B cells produce circulating antibodies.

136
Q

How do basophils respond to injury?

A

basophils release histamine and heparin. Histamine dilates blood vessels and heparin prevents blood clotting.

137
Q

serum is:

A

plasma minus fibrinogen

138
Q

A hemoglobin molecule is composed of:

A

four protein chains and four heme groups

139
Q

stem cells responsible for lymphocytopoiesis are located in:

A

thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow

140
Q

____ and ____ affect almost every aspect of the blotting process.

A

calcium, vitamin K

141
Q

Dehydration has what kind of effect in the hematocrit?

A

increase

142
Q

The waste product bilirubin is formed from:

A

heme

TEAS SCIENCE (2 decks)

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