Blood (Chapter 19) Flashcards
1
Q
Specialized connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix:
A
blood
2
Q
Name the functions of blood:
A
- transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes. 2. regulating pH and ion composition of interstitial fluid. 3. restricting fluid losses at injury sites. 4. defending against toxins and pathogens. 5. stabilizing body temperature.
3
Q
blood contains ____ that carry oxygen from the lungs to peripheral tissues, and carry carbon dioxide from those tissues to the lungs.
A
red blood cells
4
Q
What absorbs the wastes produced by tissue cells and carries them to the kidneys for excretion?
A
blood
5
Q
Physical characteristics of blood:
A
temperature is about 38 degrees C or 100.4 degrees F. Blood is five times as viscous as water. Blood is slightly alkaline, with pH between 7.35 and 7.45.
6
Q
What is the pH of blood?
A
7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)
7
Q
Whole blood is composed of:
A
plasma and formed elements
8
Q
Blood is ____ for analytical or chemical purposes
A
fractionated
9
Q
____ makes up about 55% of the volume of whole blood.
A
plasma
10
Q
Plasma includes:
A
plasma proteins, other solutes such as nutrients, electrolytes, and wastes, it also contain water.
11
Q
Name the three plasma proteins found in plasma:
A
albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
12
Q
What type of plasma protein is important for transporting fatty acids, thyroid hormones, some steroid hormones, and other substances?
A
albumins
13
Q
What type of plasma protein include antibodies that aid in body defense?
A
globulins (immunoglobulins)
14
Q
This type of plasma protein functions in clotting:
A
fibrinogen
15
Q
What organ synthesizes and releases more than 90% of the plasma proteins?
A
liver
16
Q
What makes up the formed elements of blood?
A
red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
17
Q
Formed elements make up what percentage of whole blood volume?
A
45%
18
Q
The percentage of a blood sample that consists of formed elements is known as the _______
A
hematocrit
19
Q
Formed elements are produced in the process of_____.
A
hemopoiesis
20
Q
Red blood cells are called________.
A
erythrocytes (account for 99.9% of the formed elements)
21
Q
The red pigment of red blood cells is due to:
A
hemoglobin
22
Q
_______ binds and transports the respiratory gases oxygen and carbon dioxide.
A
hemoglobin
23
Q
Mature red blood cells are _____ meaning, without nuclei.
A
anucleate
24
Q
A red blood cells lifespan is relative short: _____ days, because they ___________.
A
about 120; cannot repair themselves (unable to synthesize proteins or enzymes)
25
______is responsible for the red blood cell's ability to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
hemoglobin
26
Each heme unit holds an _____ ion.
iron
27
Each hemoglobin molecule contains ___ heme units
4
28
What condition interferes with oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues causing an individual to become weak and lethargic?
anemia
29
When the hematocrit and low or the hemoglobin content of red blood cells is reduced it causes a condition known as:
anemia
30
What is the term for the formation of red blood cells?
erythropoiesis
31
In adults, where does erythropoiesis take place?
red bone marrow
32
Term for low oxygen level in tissues:
hypoxia
33
Term for substances that can trigger a protective defense mechanism called an immune response.
antigen
34
What are leukocytes?
white blood cells
35
Does a RBC or a WBC have a nuclei and organelles?
white blood cells
36
White blood cells lack _____.
hemoglobin
37
Most WBCs are found in ________.
connective tissue or organs of the lymphatic system
38
Name the functions of white blood cells:
1. all can migrate out of the bloodstream. 2. capable of amoeboid movement: move through the endothelial lining and into peripheral tissues. 3. attracted to specific chemical stimuli.
39
Term for the ability of a WBC to squeeze between adjacent endothelial cells and enter the surrounding tissue:
emigration or diapedesis
40
Term for the WBCs ability to be guided to invading pathogens and other damaged tissue:
chemotaxis
41
WBCs are divided into two groups based on their appearance after staining:
granulocytes and agranulocytes
42
Granulocytes include:
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
43
Agranulocytes include:
monocytes and lymphocytes
44
Which WBCs are part of the body's nonspecific defenses?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes
45
Macrophages are ______ that have moved out of the bloodstream and have become actively phagocytic.
monocytes
46
What type of WBC is responsible for specific defenses?
lymphocytes
47
Neutrophils kill bacteria by producing the chemical agents_______ and __________.
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide ions (O2-)
48
These white blood cells are usually the first to arrive at a wound and after their death form ___ associated with infected wounds.
neutrophils; pus
49
This WBC is attracted to parasites and increase in number during inflammation. They also are attracted to sites of injury where they release enzymes that reduce inflammation produced by mast cells.
eosinophils
50
This WBC accumulate in damaged tissues and secrete histamine and heparin.
basophils
51
histamine____ blood vessels.
dilates
52
heparin prevents _____.
blood clotting
53
A ______ is a monster cell that engulfs debris and pathogens.
monocyte
54
Name the three classes of lymphocytes:
T cells, B cells, natural killer cells
55
The lymphocyte responsible for cell-mediated immunity--specific defense mechanism:
T cell
56
The lymphocyte responsible for humoral immunity, a specific defense mechanism that involves the production of antibodies.
B cell
57
This type of lymphocyte carries out immune surveillance by detection and destruction of abnormal cells:
natural killer cells
58
blood is a _____ and a ______.
fluid; connective tissue
59
What are the functions of blood?
transport, regulation (pH, H20, temp.), protection (WBCs, platelets, chemical)
60
Most of blood as a tissue is made of:
plasma
61
What is the most abundant chemical in plasma?
water
62
What is the most abundant protein in blood that is used for transport?
albumin
63
What three proteins are found in blood?
albumins, globulins, fibrinogens
64
Name of the immune proteins?
globulins
65
Name of the clotting protein?
fibrinogen
66
What is the cellular component of blood called?
formed elements
67
Normal temperature of blood?
38 degrees C
68
Normal pH of blood:
7.35-7.45
69
The formed elements include:
RBCs, WBCs, platelets/thrombocytes
70
What are the most differentiated blood cells?
WBCs
71
All blood cells are produced in the____
bone marrow
72
Name of process by which blood is made in the bone marrow:
hematopoiesis/hemopoisis
73
Normal RBCs are described as:
a bi-concave disc without a nucleus
74
All blood cells begin as a______
pluripotent stem cell
75
The myeloid stem cell pathway creates:
RBCs, platelets, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils
76
The lymphoid stem cell pathway develops:
monocytes, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes
77
What is a red blood cell's job?
carry the gases related to cellular respiration (O2, CO2)
78
Another name for a red blood cell:
erythrocyte
79
The cytoplasm of red blood cell is made of:
hemoglobin
80
Hemoglobin is made of:
a heme group and beta and alpha polypeptide chains
81
What does the iron in hemoglobin provide?
a place for oxygen to attach
82
Each hemoglobin can carry ____ oxygen molecules.
4
83
Large amounts of O2 means we can make____.
ATP through cellular respiration
84
Anemia results in a decrease in ____ which leads to a decrease in _____.
O2; ATP
85
RBCs die after____ days.
120
86
When red blood cells die they go to the:
liver, spleen, and bone marrow
87
What organ releases erythropoietin to trigger the bone marrow to produce more RBCs?
kidneys
88
Which white blood cells are granulocytes?
eosinophils, basophil, neutrophil
89
Which white blood cells are agranulocytes?
lymphocytes and monocytes
90
WBCs activate the ____ system and _____ process for wound repair.
immune; inflammatory response
91
The most abundant of WBCs:
neutrophils
92
Neutrophils are best at fighting off ____ by using the process of ______.
bacteria; phagocytosis
93
Term for the process where chemicals in the blood stream alert the neutrophils:
chemotaxis
94
Term for when neutrophils work their way through the wall of blood vessels to fight bacteria through phagocytosis:
diapedesis
95
Neutrophils release:
hydrogen peroxide and bleach
96
Name the two defensins released by neutrophils:
bactereocydal, bacteriostatic
97
These WBCs fight off parasites:
eosinophils
98
Eosinophils secrete the enzyme _____ that breaks down histamine.
histaminase
99
What is the least abundant WBC?
basophil
100
Which WBC secretes histamine to trigger inflammation? (works to reduce further injury and trigger wound repair)
basophil
101
This WBC carries out an aggressive form of phagocytosis by way of ______.
monocytes; macrophages
102
These WBCs work primarily for the immune system and contain T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte:
lymphocytes
103
T cells originate in the:
thymus gland
104
B cells originate in the:
bone marrow
105
What is the term for the maturation phase of lymphocytes to recognize foreign structures, kill and get rid of the invader without damaging tissue?
immunocompetence
106
What carries out cell mediated immunity?
T cells
107
What carries out humoral mediated immunity?
B cells
108
B cells and T cells respond to foreign bodies called:
antigens
109
The process of _____, the stopping of bleeding, halts the loss of blood through the walls of damaged vessels.
hemostasis
110
What are the three phases of hemostasis?
vascular (blood vessel constricts), platelet reaction phase, and coagulation phase
111
And endothelium is always attached to a ______.
basement membrane
112
myeloid means...
red bone marrow
113
erythropoiesis is stimulated by the hormone:
erythropoieten (EPO)
114
What are the two major effects of erythropoieten?
1. stimulates cell division rates in erythroblasts 2. speeds up maturation of RBC by accelerating hemoglobin synthesis.
115
Macrophages of the ___, ____, and ____ play a central role in recycling red blood cell components.
spleen, liver, red bone marrow
116
The alpha and beta chain of hemoglobin are filtered by the:
kidneys and eliminated in urine
117
Term for an inadequate number of WBCs:
leukopenia
118
Term for an excessive number of WBCs:
leukocytosis
119
Extreme leukocytosis generally indicates the presence of _____.
leukemia
120
The process of WBC production is called:
leukopoiesis
121
Platelets play a major role in a vascular _______
clotting system
122
During damage to a blood vessel the endothelium is damaged and the basement membrane and underlying connective tissues are exposed--this leads to:
platelet aggregation (platelets are attracted to the damaged area)
123
Platelet aggregation causes the release reaction which attracts more platelets which then attracts several layers of platelets--this is an example of:
positive feedback
124
____ prevents platelets from adhering.
anticoagulents
125
The _____ is a series of chemical reactions that cause blood to go from a liquid to a solid:
clotting pathway
126
The transformation of fibrinogen to fibrin is an example of the_____
clotting pathway
127
What inhibits the clotting pathway?
heparin
128
What is a chemical/enzyme that breaks down clots?
plasminogen
129
The process of _____ halts the loss of blood through the walls of damaged vessels.
hemostasis
130
Platelet production is called _____ and takes place in the ____.
thrombocytopoiesis; red bone marrow
131
What organ synthesizes and releases more than 90% of the blood's plasma proteins?
liver
132
Condition in which a drifting blood clot becomes stuck in a blood vessel, blocking circulation:
embolism
133
What is the primary function of hemoglobin?
carry O2 to the peripheral tissues
134
Which type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest numbers in a infected cut?
neutrophils because they are phagocytic and the first to arrive at the site of an injury
135
Which type of blood cell would you find in elevated numbers in a person who is producing large amounts of circulating antibodies to combat a virus?
lymphocytes, because B cells produce circulating antibodies.
136
How do basophils respond to injury?
basophils release histamine and heparin. Histamine dilates blood vessels and heparin prevents blood clotting.
137
serum is:
plasma minus fibrinogen
138
A hemoglobin molecule is composed of:
four protein chains and four heme groups
139
stem cells responsible for lymphocytopoiesis are located in:
thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow
140
____ and ____ affect almost every aspect of the blotting process.
calcium, vitamin K
141
Dehydration has what kind of effect in the hematocrit?
increase
142
The waste product bilirubin is formed from:
heme
