small membrane bound cell fragments that have enzymes + other stuff important for clotting - flattened disc shaped /spindle like - lives in circulation 9-12 days before being recycles in spleen - form clots by clumping tg. and sticking to damaged vessel wall

Blood chapter 19 Flashcards by Valeska Quispe

Main functions of blood

transportation
regulation of interstitial fluid pH
restriction of fluid loss at injury site
defense against toxins + pathogens
stabilization of body temp
maintain circulatory system fluid volume

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what does blood transport

dissolved gases, nutrients and metabolic waste, hormones, picks up CO2 to get rid of it, carries O2

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Blood is a type of ____ tissue

connective tissues (fluid)

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blood composition and percentages

matrix - plasma which is 55% of the volume of whole blood

cells - aka formed elements which is 45% of blood

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92% of plasma is ___

water

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composition of formed elements is 99.9% of ____, <.1% of _____, <1% of ____

99.9% of formed elements is RBC
<1% are WBC
<1% are platelets

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100.4 F / 38 C

temperature of blood

note- 5x as viscous as water

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pH of blood

slightly alkaline
7.35 - 7.45

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composition of plasma

92% of it is water
- 3 proteins
- many solutes such as electrolytes, organic nutrients, organic waste

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what are the proteins in plasma and the percentages of it

albumins - 60%, maintain osmotic pressure

globulins - 35%, antibodies + transport globulins

fibrinogen- 4%, form fibrin threads of blood clot

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electrolytes in plasma

Na+ , K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-

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organic waste in plasma

urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin

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what are platelets

small membrane bound cell fragments that have enzymes + other stuff important for clotting

flattened disc shaped /spindle like
lives in circulation 9-12 days before being recycles in spleen
form clots by clumping tg. and sticking to damaged vessel wall

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leukocytes

white blood cells (WBC)
- acts for body defense system and there 5 types

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erythrocytes

red blood cells (RBC)
- most abundant blood cells
- Bind + transports oxygen
- biconcave, flexible disc
- large surface area to volume ratio for fast gas exchange
- Mature RBC have no organelles/nucleus
- uses hemoglobin to bind to oxygen

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5 types of leukocytes (WBC)

Neutrophils
Eosinophil
Basophil
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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Thrombus

persistent clot in unbroken vessel

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embolus

thrombus floating in bloodstream

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pulmonary embolism

thrombus (clot) trapped in lungs

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cerebral embolism

thrombus (clot) in the brain - may cause stroke

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anticoagulant drugs

blood thinners (aspirin)
Prevent unwanted clots

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impaired liver function

caused by low vitamin K , affects clotting factor synthesis

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Thrombocytopenia

platelet deficiency

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iron deficiency anemia (nutritional origin)

low RBC/low hemoglobin
affects normal hemoglobin synthesis

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vitamin B12 (nutritional origin)

(pernicious anemia which is a autoimmune disease) prevents normal stem cell division (cant create formed elements

calcium + vitamin K deficiencies (nutritional origin)

affects clotting process

sickle cell anemia (congenital/born with it)

african descent - mutation affecting Hb molecule structure - sickle shaped RBC clog up capillaries - leads to tissue hypoxia

hemophilia (congenital/born with it)

reduced production of clotting factor

thalassemia (congenital/born with it)

sickle cell anemia but for mediterranean descent

(infection)

bacteremia and viremia - microorganisms which can lead to sepsis

(infection) sepsis

widespread infection of body tissues which can lead to septicemia (pathogens spread in blood)

(infection) malaria

parasitic disease - transmitted by mosquitoes - infection + rupture of RBC - dead RBC block blood vessels = tissue death

(disease) renal anemia

kidney disease which decreases EPO production (less RBC production in bone marrow)

(trauma) hemorrhagic anemia

excessive bleeding

aplastic anemia

bone marrow destruction

(DIC) disseminated intravascular coagulation

triggered by bacterial toxin, widespread clotting in blood vessel

cancers of blood

leukemia and polycythemia

Leukemia (acute and chronic) and the 2 types

originates in the bone marrow 2 types are myeloid leukemia and lymphoid leukemia

myeloid leukemia

affects granulocytes

lymphoid leukemia

affects lymphocytes - elevated levels of circulating WBC

polycythemia cancer

increase RBC count - bone marrow cancer - opposite of anemia - 10 million RBC

what is hemoglobin (Hb)

intracellular protein helping RBC bind to oxygen - more than 95% of RBCS intracellular protein - quaternary structure with 2 alpha/ 2 beta chains - each chain is a globular subunit protein with one heme molecule - iron ion in heme interact with oxygen molecule = oxyhemoglobin HBO2

how many oxygens can iron bind to / how many oxygens can Hb molecule bind to

4 because there are 4 irons

describe RBC production and recycling

1. Erythropiesis formed in red bone marrow stem cells to reticulocyte (15 days) (differentiation steps) then released into blood stream + mature in 2 days 2. they are then engulfed/recycles by macrophages (wbc) in the liver spleen or bone marrow 3. heme is then stripped of its iron and converted to biliverdin --> bilirubin

lifespan of RBC

120 days and 1% of RBC (3 million) are replaced each day

Hematopoiesis

any blood cell formation

what is the name of the cell when it has ejected its nucleus and left the bone marrow before turning into a RBC?

reticulocyte (gives rise to erythrocyte)

what is EPO (erythropoietin) and where is it released from

hormone that stimulates RBC production and released from the kidney and liver in response to hypoxia

hypoxia

oxygen deficiency

iron is essention for....

Hb synthesis

65% of iron is in HB but the rest is stored in ____ + ___

liver + spleen

specific antigens on the surface of RBC determine

blood type

Type A blood

RBC has surface antigen A plasma has anti-B antibodies

Type B blood

RBC has surface antigen B plasma has anti-A antibodies

Type AB blood

RBC has both A + B surface antigens plasma has no antibodies - universal reciepitant

Type O blood

RBC has neither surface antigens (A/B) plasma has both anti A and anti B antibodies - universal donor (O-)

WBC count normal range

4,800- 10,800 microliters

percentages of each WBC

neutrophils: 50-70% eosinophil: 2-4% basophil: 0.5-1% lymphocytes: 25-45% monocytes: 3-8%

what are the 2 main categories of WBC/LEUKOCYTES

Granulocytes (N,E,B) agranulocytes (L,M)

largest WBC

monocytes

most abundant WBC

neutrophil

hemocytoblasts

multipotent stem cells that formed elements are derived from - found in red bone marrow of adults

division of hemocytoblastas give rise to which 2 types of stem cells?

1. lymphoid stem cells - give rise to lymphocytes 2. myeloid stem cells - give rise to all other formed elements

where are RBC recycled?

liver, spleen, and bone marrow