Blood chapter 19 Flashcards
Main functions of blood
- transportation
- regulation of interstitial fluid pH
- restriction of fluid loss at injury site
- defense against toxins + pathogens
- stabilization of body temp
- maintain circulatory system fluid volume
what does blood transport
dissolved gases, nutrients and metabolic waste, hormones, picks up CO2 to get rid of it, carries O2
Blood is a type of ____ tissue
connective tissues (fluid)
blood composition and percentages
matrix - plasma which is 55% of the volume of whole blood
cells - aka formed elements which is 45% of blood
92% of plasma is ___
water
composition of formed elements is 99.9% of ____, <.1% of _____, <1% of ____
99.9% of formed elements is RBC
<1% are WBC
<1% are platelets
100.4 F / 38 C
temperature of blood
note- 5x as viscous as water
pH of blood
slightly alkaline
7.35 - 7.45
composition of plasma
92% of it is water
- 3 proteins
- many solutes such as electrolytes, organic nutrients, organic waste
what are the proteins in plasma and the percentages of it
albumins - 60%, maintain osmotic pressure
globulins - 35%, antibodies + transport globulins
fibrinogen- 4%, form fibrin threads of blood clot
electrolytes in plasma
Na+ , K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-
organic waste in plasma
urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin
what are platelets
small membrane bound cell fragments that have enzymes + other stuff important for clotting
- flattened disc shaped /spindle like
- lives in circulation 9-12 days before being recycles in spleen
- form clots by clumping tg. and sticking to damaged vessel wall
leukocytes
white blood cells (WBC)
- acts for body defense system and there 5 types
erythrocytes
red blood cells (RBC)
- most abundant blood cells
- Bind + transports oxygen
- biconcave, flexible disc
- large surface area to volume ratio for fast gas exchange
- Mature RBC have no organelles/nucleus
- uses hemoglobin to bind to oxygen
5 types of leukocytes (WBC)
Neutrophils
Eosinophil
Basophil
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Thrombus
persistent clot in unbroken vessel
embolus
thrombus floating in bloodstream
pulmonary embolism
thrombus (clot) trapped in lungs
cerebral embolism
thrombus (clot) in the brain - may cause stroke
anticoagulant drugs
blood thinners (aspirin)
Prevent unwanted clots
impaired liver function
caused by low vitamin K , affects clotting factor synthesis
Thrombocytopenia
platelet deficiency
iron deficiency anemia (nutritional origin)
low RBC/low hemoglobin
affects normal hemoglobin synthesis
vitamin B12 (nutritional origin)
(pernicious anemia which is a autoimmune disease)
prevents normal stem cell division (cant create formed elements
calcium + vitamin K deficiencies (nutritional origin)
affects clotting process
sickle cell anemia (congenital/born with it)
african descent
- mutation affecting Hb molecule structure
- sickle shaped RBC clog up capillaries
- leads to tissue hypoxia
hemophilia (congenital/born with it)
reduced production of clotting factor
thalassemia (congenital/born with it)
sickle cell anemia but for mediterranean descent
(infection)
bacteremia and viremia - microorganisms which can lead to sepsis
(infection) sepsis
widespread infection of body tissues
which can lead to septicemia (pathogens spread in blood)
(infection) malaria
parasitic disease
- transmitted by mosquitoes
- infection + rupture of RBC
- dead RBC block blood vessels = tissue death
(disease) renal anemia
kidney disease which decreases EPO production (less RBC production in bone marrow)
(trauma) hemorrhagic anemia
excessive bleeding
aplastic anemia
bone marrow destruction
(DIC) disseminated intravascular coagulation
triggered by bacterial toxin, widespread clotting in blood vessel
cancers of blood
leukemia and polycythemia
Leukemia (acute and chronic) and the 2 types
originates in the bone marrow
2 types are myeloid leukemia and lymphoid leukemia
myeloid leukemia
affects granulocytes
lymphoid leukemia
affects lymphocytes
- elevated levels of circulating WBC
polycythemia cancer
increase RBC count - bone marrow cancer
- opposite of anemia
- 10 million RBC
what is hemoglobin (Hb)
intracellular protein helping RBC bind to oxygen
- more than 95% of RBCS intracellular protein
- quaternary structure with 2 alpha/ 2 beta chains
- each chain is a globular subunit protein with one heme molecule
- iron ion in heme interact with oxygen molecule = oxyhemoglobin HBO2
how many oxygens can iron bind to / how many oxygens can Hb molecule bind to
4
because there are 4 irons
describe RBC production and recycling
- Erythropiesis
formed in red bone marrow stem cells to reticulocyte (15 days) (differentiation steps) then released into blood stream + mature in 2 days - they are then engulfed/recycles by macrophages (wbc) in the liver spleen or bone marrow
- heme is then stripped of its iron and converted to biliverdin –> bilirubin
lifespan of RBC
120 days and 1% of RBC (3 million) are replaced each day
Hematopoiesis
any blood cell formation
what is the name of the cell when it has ejected its nucleus and left the bone marrow before turning into a RBC?
reticulocyte
(gives rise to erythrocyte)
what is EPO (erythropoietin) and where is it released from
hormone that stimulates RBC production and released from the kidney and liver in response to hypoxia
hypoxia
oxygen deficiency
iron is essention for….
Hb synthesis
65% of iron is in HB but the rest is stored in ____ + ___
liver + spleen
specific antigens on the surface of RBC determine
blood type
Type A blood
RBC has surface antigen A
plasma has anti-B antibodies
Type B blood
RBC has surface antigen B
plasma has anti-A antibodies
Type AB blood
RBC has both A + B surface antigens
plasma has no antibodies
- universal reciepitant
Type O blood
RBC has neither surface antigens (A/B)
plasma has both anti A and anti B antibodies
- universal donor (O-)
WBC count normal range
4,800- 10,800 microliters
percentages of each WBC
neutrophils: 50-70%
eosinophil: 2-4%
basophil: 0.5-1%
lymphocytes: 25-45%
monocytes: 3-8%
what are the 2 main categories of WBC/LEUKOCYTES
Granulocytes (N,E,B)
agranulocytes (L,M)
largest WBC
monocytes
most abundant WBC
neutrophil
hemocytoblasts
multipotent stem cells that formed elements are derived from
- found in red bone marrow of adults
division of hemocytoblastas give rise to which 2 types of stem cells?
- lymphoid stem cells
- give rise to lymphocytes - myeloid stem cells
- give rise to all other formed elements
where are RBC recycled?
liver, spleen, and bone marrow
