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Compendium Hematopathology > Blood Cells Atlas > Flashcards

Blood Cells Atlas Flashcards

1
Q

Changes induced by hyperlipidemia

A
  • Dissolution of granulocyte cell wall (can be alleviated with additional of albumin)
  • Pale/smudged red cells (can be alleviated with additional of albumin)
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2
Q

Pyknotic WBCs

A

Occur more frequently with increased interval between collection and prep of smear and in atypical lymphocytes

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3
Q

Excess EDTA can cause

A
  • Platelet clumping (collect sample in blue tube - citrate - to fix this; need to multiply by 1.1 because of dilution)
  • Platelet satellitosis
  • White cell clumping
  • Shrunken white cells
  • Echinocytes
  • Target cells
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4
Q

Platelet satellitosis associated with?

A

Behcet disease

EDTA exces

Thromboembolism

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5
Q

Artifacts caused by excessive delay in preparing smear

A

Pseudo toxic granulation and vacuoles

Echinocytes

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6
Q

Artifacts in smears that dry slowly or in excessive humidity

A

Echinocytes

Vacuolated red cells (watermark artifact)

Target cells

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7
Q

Erythophagocytosis associated with?

A

Immune hemolytic anemia

Infection

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8
Q

Apoptotic bodies in granulocytes associated with?

A

MDS

Chemotherapy

AIDS

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9
Q

White cell clumping associated with?

A

Bacterial infections

Viral infections

Autoimmune disorders

Usually seen at the edges of the smear

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10
Q

Lymphocyte clumping associated with?

A

Lymphoproliferative disorders

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11
Q

Hypochromia associated with

A

IDA

ACD

Thalassemia

Hemoglobin Lepore (trait and disease)

Hemoglobinopathy-thalassemia syndromes

Lead poisoning

Sideroblastic anemia

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12
Q

Examples of hyperchromic red cells

A

Spherocytes

Acanthocytes

Irreversible sickled red cells

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13
Q

Normocytic hypochromic red cells

A

ACD

Early IDA

Sideroblastic anemia

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14
Q

Microcytic normochromic red cells associated with?

A

ACD

Early IDA

Thal minor

Hemoglobin C (trait and disease)

Hemoglobin E (trait and disease)

Rarely seen in Hemoglobin H disease

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15
Q

Microcytic hypochromic red cells associated with

A

IDA

Thal major

Thal minor

ACD

Hemoglobin E-thal

Hemoglobin E disease

Hemoglobin Lepore (trait and disease)

Lead poisoning

Sideroblastic anemia

Hemoglobin H disease

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16
Q

Normochromic round macrocytic red cells

A

Acute blood loss

Aplastic anemia

Postsplenectomy state

Hemolytic anemia

Alcoholism

Liver disease

AIDS

AIDS therapy

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism

Hypopituitarism

Malaria (P vivax)

MDS

17
Q

Normocytic ovala macrocytic/macro-ovalocytes associated with?

A
  1. Vitamin B12 deficiency
  2. Folate deficiency
  3. Postchemotherapy
  4. Inherited abnormalities of DNA synthesis (e.g., orotic aciduria, MTHF transferase deficiency, transcobalamin II deficiency)
  5. MDS
  6. Chronic infections
18
Q

Polychromasia is seen in

A

Newborns

Acute blood loss

Hematinic therapy

Homeostatic recovery of bone marrow after chemo or other suppressive factors

19
Q

Target cells occur as a result of

A

Increased surface membrane to volume ratio (e.g.,

  • excess lipid as in liver disease or
  • decreased lipid loss during maturation in postsplenectomy state or
  • by decreased and/or abnormal hemoglobin content as in thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies
20
Q

Microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic target cells associated with

A
  • Microcytic
    • thalassemia
      • E thal
      • C thal
    • hemoglobinopathies (hemolgobin E disease and hemoglobin Lepore)
  • Normocytic
    • Hb SS
    • Hb CC
    • Hb SC
    • LCAT deficiency
    • Postsplenectomy
  • Macrocytic
    • liver diease
21
Q

Microspherocytes are associated with?

A

burns

MAHA

Feather edge of many smeres

Transfused cells

22
Q

Acanthocytes are associated with?

A
  1. Lutheran blood group
  2. McLeod phenotype
  3. Postsplenectomy
  4. Abetalipoproteinemia
  5. Hypobetalipoproteinemia
  6. Vitamin E deficiency
  7. Amyotrophic chorea
  8. Myxedema
  9. Panhypopituitarism
  10. malnutrition
  11. MPN

Occur as a result of disproportionate cholesterol: sphingomyelin ratio (should be 1:1)

23
Q

Echinocytes occur as a result of?

A
  1. Excess EDTA
  2. Slow drying
  3. Aged blood
  4. Increased pH
  5. Decreased albumin concentration
  6. “glass effect” which elevates pH
  7. Uremia
  8. Liver disease
  9. Vitamin E deficiency
  10. Pyruvate kinase deficiency
  11. Burns
  12. Heparin therapy
  13. GI disorders (peptic ulcer, carcinoma, Crohn)
  14. MPN
24
Q

Stomatocytes

A
  • Associated with
    • Hereditary stomatocytosis (deficient somatin)
    • acute alcoholism
    • alcoholic cirrhosis
    • obstructive liver disease
    • Rh null disease
    • Tangier disease
    • cardiovascular disease
    • Stewart syndrome
    • acidic pH
    • cationic detergents
    • phenothiazine
  • Artifactual causes of stomatocytes
    • Humidity
    • Slow air drying
    • addition of albumin (prevents smudging, but causes stomatocytes)
  • There is an abnormal cationic transport leading to increse in intracellular sodium and water with loss of potassium causing cells to swell and volume increases as MCHC decreases
25
Blister cells and blister-like cells
* Blister cells form as a result of oxidant stress (e.g., G6PD deficiency with bitten Heinz bodies) or from fibrin strands that disrupt the red cell membrane which then reattaches to itself * Blister-like cells occur in acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease
26
Heinz bodies
Denatured hemoglobin often on inner surface of RBC membrane * not visible in Wright stain * Seen on supravital stain with crystal violet, brilliant cresyl blue, or new methylene blue * Associated with * Hereditary Heinz body hemolytic anemia * Dapsone, other oxidant drugs * Chemicals (naphthalene, phenazopyridine) * thalassemia major * some hemolgobinopathies * liver disease * G6PD deficiency (mature red cells affected, whereas other conditions have bodies in mature and immature red cells)
27
Hemoglobin H inclusions
* Seen with supravital stain * Looks like golf ball * beta tetramers that occur in * alpha thal * MPN * sideroblastic anemia * MDS
28
Teardrop cells associated with
* Small number are seen in * pernicious anemia * hemolytic anemia * IDA * thalassemia * anemia of renal disease * More are seen in PMF or myelophthisic diseases
29
Basophilic stipling
* Fine stippling is an artifact from slow air drying * Coarse stippling occurs with imparied RNA degradation (impaired Hb synth) * lead poisoning * pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency * thalassemia * hemoglobinopathies * sideroblastic anemia * MDS * congenital dyserythropoietic anemias
30
Cabot ring
Remnant of mitotic spindle often seen with basophilic stipling and associated with * congenital dyserythropoietic anemias * megaloblastic anemia * MDS * other severe anemias
31
Howell-Holly bodies
* Nuclear remnant * Associated with * postsplenectomy state * hypofunctioning spleen * severe hemolytic anemia * megaloblatic anemia * congenital dyserythropoietic anemias
32
Vacuolated cytoplasm may occur in cytoplasm of a pronormoblast or its progeny under what conditions?
* chloramphenicol * ethanol abuse * hyperosmolar coma * deficiency of copper, phenylalanine, riboflavin

Compendium Hematopathology (8 decks)

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