blood cell physiology Flashcards

white cells: explain the origin and function of white cells and recall their intravascular life span, including neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and lymphocytes

1
Q

myeloid stem cell to granulocytes and monocytes maturation pathway

A

myeloid stem cell -> myeloblast and monoblast -> granulocytes and monocytes

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2
Q

what 2 groups of chemical signallers are needed for maturation of myeloid stem cell to granulocytes and monocytes (determine route of differentiation)

A

cytokines and interleukins

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3
Q

3 cytokines needed for maturation of myeloid stem cell to granulocytes and monocytes

A

G-CSF. GM-CSF, M-CSF

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4
Q

granulocyte maturation: features of cells as maturing

A

primary granules and nucleus -> secondary granules which determine type of white cell -> indented nucleus -> changes in nucleus shape as deforms into band form, then segments

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5
Q

3 types of granulocytes derived from myeloid stem cells

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

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6
Q

how long does the neutrophil granulocyte survive in circulation before migrating to tissues

A

7-10 hours; short-lived cell in circulation and tissues

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7
Q

main function of neutrophil

A

defence against infection; it phagocytoses and then kills micro-organisms

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8
Q

how does a neutrophil migrate into tissues (physiology)

A

circulating (free-flowing in circulation) and marginating (adherent to endothelium) pool: circulation -> adhesion and margination -> rolling -> diapedesis through capillary endothelium -> migration using chemotaxis -> phagocytosis

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9
Q

colour in dye and duration of time eosinophil spent in circulation vs neutrophil

A

pink; less time

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10
Q

main function of eosinophil

A

defence against parasitic infection

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11
Q

colour of granules in dye and function of basophils

A

purple granules; role in allergic response

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12
Q

how long do monocytes derived from myeloid stem cells spend in circulation; 4 features of structure of monocytes

A

several days; lobulated nucleus, plentiful cytoplasm with many granules, vacuole

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13
Q

what do monocytes turn into when they migrate into tissues

A

macrophages/histiocytes

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14
Q

functions of macrophages

A

phagocytic and scavenging function, also store and release iron (ingests nuclei and Hb of dead red cells in spleen)

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15
Q

what 3 types of cells are derived from lymphoid stem cells; which 2 are cytotoxic large granular lymphocyte

A

T cell, B cell, natural killer cell; cytotoxic T cell and natural killer cell

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16
Q

recirculation of lymphocytes and purpose

A

recirculate to lymph nodes and other tissues then through thoracic duct and back to blood stream; increases chance of meeting antigen

17
Q

intravascular life span of lymphocytes

A

very variable

18
Q

define leucocytosis

A

too many white cells

19
Q

define leucopenia

A

too few white cells

20
Q

define neutrophilia

A

too many neutrophils

21
Q

define neutropenia

A

too few neutrophils

22
Q

define lymphocytosis

A

too many lymphocytes

23
Q

define eosinophilia

A

too many eosinophils

24
Q

define lymphopenia

A

too few lymphocytes

25
Q

what is atypical lymphocyte (“atypical mononuclear cell”) typically used to describe

A

abnormal cells present in infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)

26
Q

neutrophils: what is left shift, and what does it indicate

A

there is an increase in non-segmented neutrophils, or there are neutrophil precursors in the peripheral blood (earlier stages of neutrophil maturation), indicates inflammation or infection

27
Q

neutrophils: what is toxic granulation

A

heavy granulation of neutrophils

28
Q

neutrophils: what does toxic granulation result from (3 abnormal, 1 normal)

A

infection, inflammation, tissue necrosis (also normal feature of pregnancy)

29
Q

define neutrophil hypersegmentation

A

there is an increase in the average number of neutrophil lobes or segments (usually 3 or 4, so >6), so is right shift

30
Q

cause of neutrophil hypersegmentation

A

lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid