Blood banking and component therapy Flashcards
What is xenotransfusion?
Transfusing blood from a different species.
Who is credited with the first successful xenotransfusion and what type of blood was used?
Jean-Baptiste Denis is credited with the first successful xenotransfusion using lamb’s blood.
When was the first successful Xenotransfusion?
17th Century
When did human-to-human blood transfusions become more successful and common, and who played a significant role in this advancement during the nineteenth century?
Human-to-human blood transfusions became more successful and common in the nineteenth century, and James Blundell played a significant role in this advancement
What were the key developments that made blood banking possible?
Anticoagulant (sodium citrate), fuel (dextrose), and plastic containers were key developments that made blood banking possible.
When did the first commercial veterinary blood bank (Animal Blood Resources International) start, and in which country was it established?
Animal Blood Resources International (ABRI) started in 1988 in the USA.
What are the reasons for the increased frequency of blood transfusions over the last 20 years?
Advances in understanding erythrocyte antigens and blood-borne diseases.
What is Oxyglobin, and in which year was it introduced in the USA and Europe?
Oxyglobin is a veterinary haemoglobin-based oxygen carrying solution. It was introduced in the USA in 1998 and in Europe in 1999.
What are the key differences in licensing requirements for veterinary blood banks between the USA and the UK?
In the USA, licensing is not required except in California, whereas in the UK, blood banking is governed by the Veterinary Medicines Directorate under a Non-Food Animal Blood Bank manufacturing license and is also regulated by RCVS.
What are the advantages of closed colonies in veterinary blood banking?
No repeated screening required, reduced liability potential, and higher likelihood of familiar donors.
Can you name a veterinary blood bank outside the UK and provide details about its services and donor sourcing?
Banco de Sangre Veterinario (BSV) in Valdivia, Chile. They provide a canine and feline service, and blood donors are privately owned pets.
What are the key costs associated with blood banking?
Rent or fees for premises, staff salaries, literature production, equipment, screening tests, donor rewards,
Describe the typical adverse reactions in whole blood donors.
Hypovolaemia, vasovagal reactions, venepuncture site complications like haematoma or bruising.
What are the potential consequences of low iron levels in pet donors?
Iron deficiency can lead to anaemia and affect cognitive and immune performance in donors.
How is proxy consent obtained for blood donation in canines and felines?
Proxy consent is given by the animal’s owner, considering motivations like altruism and preserving the human-animal bond.
How is donor safety ensured in blood banking programs for animals?
By accepting healthy donors meeting specific criteria, limiting blood volume donation, regular health checks, and careful donor welfare prioritization.
What ethical approaches are discussed regarding animal blood donation?
Contractarianism, utilitarianism, deontological approach, and contextual approach.
What are the adverse effects of blood donation in feline donors according to the 2021 study?
Adverse effects included emesis, inappetence, and behavioral changes in 1.4% of donations.
How often can a donor typically donate blood to reduce the risk of iron deficiency?
Donors can usually donate every two months to reduce the risk of iron deficiency
What considerations are made for donor safety during blood collection?
Breed considerations, frequency of donation, and confirming good health before each donation.
What is the primary purpose of donor recognition in blood banking programs?
The primary purpose is to promote the blood bank to other pet owners and show appreciation to the donor owners.
How many red cell antigens have been recognized in dogs?
10 red cell antigens have been recognized in dogs.
What is the minimum level of canine blood typing that is clinically significant for a blood bank?
Establishing the DEA 1 status of a donor, as it is the most clinically significant antigen.
What is the prevalence of DEA 1 negative donors among registered blood donors in the UK?
Less than 40% of registered blood donors in the UK are DEA 1 negative.
Which antigen in dogs is often referred to as a universal donor and why?
DEA 4 is often referred to as a universal donor because it is positive for DEA 4 and negative for all other detectable red cell antigens.
What is the rarest blood type among cats in the UK?
AB blood type is the rarest, making up only 5% of the UK cat population.
Which breeds of dogs are more likely to be DEA 1 negative in the UK?
- Basset Hound
- Boxer
- Border Collie
- Curly coated retriever
- Doberman
- Dogue de Bordeux
- English Bull Terrier
-Flat Coat Retriever - German Shepherd
- Greyhound
- Lurcher
- Old English Sheepdog
- Saluki
- Weimaraner
What factors contribute to the retirement of a blood donor?
Age, medical condition, lifelong medication, severe adverse effects to donating, anxiety, and difficult anatomy or conformation contribute to donor retirement.
What is a transfusion-transmitted infection in the context of blood transfusions?
It occurs when a recipient receives blood from a donor with an infectious blood-borne pathogen, potentially causing clinical disease or carrier status.
Name some types of pathogens that can be transmitted through infected blood.
Viruses, bacteria, parasites, and prions.
What viral factors influence the risk of infection transmission through transfusions?
Viral load in the blood product, stage of infection in the donor, and ability of the virus to replicate during product storage.
How can existing immunity in the donor and recipient affect the risk of viral infection transmission?
Existing immunity may afford some protection to the recipient and help eliminate the virus more rapidly.
What are some methods for reducing the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections during donor selection?
Vaccinations, proof of negative tests (e.g., heartworm), regular prophylactic treatment, and exclusion criteria based on travel history and outdoor exposure.
What are ACVIM Canine Blood Donor Minimal Screening Recommendations for specific blood-borne pathogens in dogs?
Recommendations include specific testing for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia canis vogeli, Bartonella henselae, Ehrlichia canis, Leishmania donovani, etc., based on donor populations and endemic areas.
How is Brucella canis primarily transmitted, and why is it a concern in the context of blood donation?
It is primarily transmitted during mating and parturition and is potentially transmissible in infected blood. Screening is recommended for breeding dogs.
What is the purpose of pathogen reduction in blood products, and which products is it especially important for?
Pathogen reduction aims to inactivate or kill pathogens in the unit, particularly important for fresh platelet products due to a higher risk of bacterial replication.
How do pathogen reduction methods work in blood product preparation, and what are the current methods used?
hey damage DNA or RNA to interfere with pathogen replication. Current methods include the addition of a damaging compound or a light-activated compound followed by exposure to visible or ultraviolet light.
What is the purpose of a closed system in the quad bag collection system for blood?
To prevent exposure of collected blood to air and reduce the risk of bacterial contamination.
What components are present in Bag 1 of the quad bag collection system for whole blood?
Bag 1 contains anticoagulant (Citrate Phosphate Dextrose - CPD), preservative (2, 3-diphosphoglycerate preservative - 2, 3-DPG), and adenine (CPDA-1) to prevent hemolysis.
What is the role of Bag 2 in the quad bag collection system?
Bag 2 is empty for plasma collection or leukoreduced blood.
Why is component therapy preferred over whole blood transfusions?
- flexible dosing
- minimizes immune sensitization, - reduces transfusion volume
- maximizes resources.
What temperature range is ideal for transporting platelet concentrate, and why is it crucial?
Platelet concentrate should be maintained at 22-24°C as platelets are temperature-sensitive, and this temperature range preserves their function.
Describe the importance of maintaining the blood cold chain during blood transportation.
The blood cold chain ensures proper temperature control, preserving active coagulation factors, preventing bacterial growth, and maintaining the quality of blood products.
How is bacterial contamination in blood products monitored in the blood banking process?
Microbiological screening of units is conducted randomly or in a targeted manner to monitor for bacterial growth and potential contamination.
What is the critical temperature range for processing blood products?
Processing should occur in a temperature-controlled lab between 20-24 degrees Celsius.
What does leukoreduction involve, and what is its purpose?
Leukoreduction involves reducing white blood cells from the blood product, typically achieved by passing whole blood through a leukocyte depletion filter. It aims to decrease febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions and remove cytokines produced by white blood cells.
Describe the Cohn Process in albumin manufacture.
The Cohn Process is a five-stage separation process, modifying environmental conditions (pH, ethanol concentration, temperature) at each stage to extract albumin, a highly soluble plasma protein.
Why is lyophilization used in blood product processing?
Lyophilization, or freeze-drying, prevents cell degradation, facilitates storage and transportation, and extends shelf life for certain blood products such as albumin, platelets, and cryoprecipitate.
