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PARASITOLOGY > Blood and Tissue nematodes > Flashcards

Blood and Tissue nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

2nd cause of permanent and long-term disability after psychological problems

A

Lymphatic filariasis

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2
Q

Presence of larva in the lymphatics causes it to be blocked, impairing
drainage of excess fluids in the body causing ________ and ________ of tissues

A

edema and swelling

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3
Q

Lower lymphatics (Elephantiasis; Hydrocele)

A

W. bancrofti

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4
Q

Upper lymphatics

A

B. malayi

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5
Q

Worldwide

A

W. bancrofti

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6
Q

Southeast Asia

A

B. malayi

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7
Q

Enclosed in a hyaline sheath

A

W. bancrofti and B. malayi

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8
Q

Head space – extension beyond the head; as wide as it is long

A

W. bancrofti

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9
Q

Head space – longer than it is wide

A

B. malayi

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10
Q

Nuclei – evenly spaced

A

W. bancrofti

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11
Q

Tip of tail – with 2 nuclei

A

B. malayi

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12
Q

Tip of tail have NO NUCLEUS

A

W. bancrofti

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13
Q

Kinky

A

B. malayi

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14
Q

Sheath is faintly stained or unstained

A

W. bancrofti

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15
Q

Sheath – dark pink, highly stained

A

B. malayi

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16
Q

Dilates lymphatics

A

Lymphangiectasis

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17
Q

Proliferation of lumen

A

Lymphangiogenesis

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18
Q

Common among those who grew up outside endemic regions

A

Expatriate syndrome

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19
Q

Expatriate syndrome manifests __________ reaction.

A

Type I hypersensitivity

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20
Q

Endemic normals

A

Asymptomatic

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21
Q

(+) microfilaria (thousands to millions) in the blood but does not
manifest symptoms

A

Asymptomatic

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22
Q

Worm has the ability to inhibit _____ - no immune response - no
progress to elephantiasis

A

CD4

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23
Q

Most common manifestation of acute form

A

Acute Dermatolymphangioadenitis

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24
Q

Localized pain, lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, cellulitis, localized
warmth

A

Acute Dermatolymphangioadenitis

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25
Q

Acute Dermatolymphangioadenitis is recurrent every ______ days.

A

1 to 16 days

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26
Q

Acute Dermatolymphangioadenitis may be mistaken an _______ and _______ which are cause by Group A streptococcus.

A

Erysipelas and cellulitis

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27
Q

Recent studies show that these manifestations of filariasis is due to ______________ as secondary bacterial infection

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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28
Q

Directly caused by adult worms that died spontaneously or following
treatment

A

Acute Filarial Lymphangitis

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29
Q

Characterized by lymphangitis that progresses distally along the
vessel producing a palpable cord

A

Acute Filarial Lymphangitis

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30
Q

May indicate death of worms after treatment

A

Acute Filarial Lymphangitis

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31
Q

Self-limiting

A

Acute Filarial Lymphangitis

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32
Q

Chronic form

A

Lymphedema and elephantiasis

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33
Q

most common manifestation of chronic lymphatic filariasis

A

Lymphedema

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34
Q

A bacteria that infects the filarial worms can also contribute to the chronicity of filariasis

A

Wolbachia

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35
Q

Results in the obstruction of lymphatics of the tunica vaginalis of the
testis

A

Hydrocele

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36
Q

_____________ hydrocele fluid accumulate in the closed sac of
testis

A

Clear or straw-colored

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37
Q

In some cases, microfilaria will hide in the tissue - trigger allergic
manifestations - skin manifestations and allergic cough

A

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia

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38
Q

Sometimes misdiagnosed as asthma or TB

A

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia

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39
Q

best time to collect; microfilaria stay in the blood (nocturnal periodicity)

A

8 pm to 4 am

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40
Q

In daytime, the microfilaria stay in the __________.

A

Pulmonary vessels

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41
Q

If beyond 4am, administer __________ to trigger the microfilaria to come out from the pulmonary vessels

A

DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE (Diethylcarbamazine provocative test)

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42
Q

Preferred method

A

Circulating filarial antigens detection

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43
Q

Can detect latent infections

A

Circulating filarial antigens detection

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44
Q

Can be used to diagnose a case with no microfilaria present in the blood

A

Circulating filarial antigens detection

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45
Q

If low intensity infection

A

Knott concentration method

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46
Q

May cause fever, myalgia, headache, fever, myalgia, and sorethroat

A

Diethylcarbamazine

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47
Q

Same adverse effect of DEC but milder

A

Ivermectin

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48
Q

If target area is endemic for soil-transmitted helminths

A

Albendazole

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49
Q

For Wolbachia

A

Doxycycline

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50
Q

Treat the side effects accordingly (e.g. headache - pain reliever)

A

Diethylcarbamazine

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51
Q

Not effective against adult worms

A

Ivermectin

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52
Q

Albendazole must be maintained for _______.

A

6-12 months

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53
Q

Effective against adult and micrfilaria

A

Diethylcarbamazine

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54
Q

Given for 1 year

A

Ivermectin

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55
Q

Give for 12 days

A

Diethylcarbamazine

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56
Q

For prevention and control, annual _____ plus _______ or _______ in endemic areas.

A

DEC
Albendazole
Ivermectin

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57
Q

Vectors of Loa loa

A

Chrysops or deer fly, horse fly, mango fly

58
Q

African eye worm

59
Q

Leave behind allergens when they go through the

subcutaneous area causing allergic reaction

A

Adult Loa loa

60
Q

A transient subcutaneous swelling marking the migratory
course through the tissues of the adult filarial eye worm of
the genus Loa

A

Calabar swelling

61
Q

The most common display of infection is the localized
allergic inflammations called _________ that signify
the migration of the adult worms in the tissues away from
the injection site by the vector

A

Calabar swelling

62
Q

Visible movement of the adult worm across the surface of
the eye; cause congestion, itching, pain, and light sensitivity
but little damage (DO NOT CAUSE BLINDNESS)

63
Q

Generalized pruritus in the absence of Calabar swelling

64
Q

Fluid accumulation in the lungs – less common

65
Q

best time to collect Loa loa microfilaria

A

Daytime (10 am to 2 pm)

Diurnal periodicity

66
Q

stays in the pulmonary vessels during

nighttime

A

Non-circulation phase

67
Q

Overlapping nuclei

68
Q

With hyaline sheath

69
Q

Nuclei extend up to the tip of the tail

70
Q

May be confused with B. malayi

71
Q

Best treatment for Loa loa

A

Diethylcarbamazine

72
Q

If DEC is not effective in Loa loa

A

Albendazole

73
Q

Vectors of Onchocerca volvolus

A

Female Simulium Blackflies

74
Q

River blindness

A

Onchocerca volvolus

75
Q

Produce UNSHEATHED microfiliaria found in the SKIN most of the time
(rarely in the blood)

A

Onchocerca volvolus

76
Q

Unsheathed

A

Onchocerca volvolus

77
Q

No nuclei at the tip

A

Onchocerca volvolus

78
Q

Microfilariae reaches the eye - die - release chemicals -

trigger inflammatory response

A

Ocular pathology of Onchocerca volvolus

79
Q

Also releases Wolbachia -destroys cornea - _________

80
Q

Most serious manifestation of Onchocerca volvolus

A

River blindness

81
Q

Simulium flies lay their eggs in a fast flowing stream
and target people in Africa who would go to the
river to wash their clothes

A

River blindness

82
Q

skin hyperpigmentation or depigmentation

A

lizard skin

83
Q

microfilaria may migrate to the groin and

destroy elastic fibers

A

Hanging groin

84
Q

Found out to be endosymbionts of O. volbulus adults and
microfilariae and are thought to be the driving force behind most of
O. volvulus morbidity

85
Q

Cut a piece of the skin with allergic reaction or track of
microfilaria - place in NSS and wait for microfilaria to
emerge - stain with Giemsa or hematoxylin

A

Skin snip test/skin snips

86
Q

Targets adult and microfilaria of Onchocerca volvolus

A

Diethylcarbamazine

87
Q

Drug of choice for Onchocerca volvulus

A

Ivermectin + Doxycycline

88
Q

Larva

A

ivermectin

89
Q

wolbachia

A

doxycycline

90
Q

Vector of Mansonella streptocerca

A

Culicoides

91
Q

Vector of Mansonella ozzardi

A

Culicoides and Simulium

92
Q

Vector of Mansonella perstans

A

Culicoides

93
Q

Mansonella streptocerca

94
Q

Mansonella ozzardi

A

Subcutaneous tissue

95
Q

___________ resides in the skin but may reach the

bloodstream

A

M. streptocerca microfilaria

96
Q

______ and _______ produce microfilaria that reaches

blood stream

A

M. ozzardi and M. perstans

97
Q

Hooked tail

A

M. streptocerca

98
Q

Unsheathed

A

All mansonella species

99
Q

With terminal nuclei

A

M. streptocerca

M. perstans

100
Q

No terminal nuclei

A

M. ozzardi

101
Q 
Almost identical to 
Onchocerca but may 
be differentiated 
through specimen
(blood) and 
endemicity of 
infection (history)
A

Mansonella ozzardi

102
Q

No optimal treatment

A

Mansonella species

103
Q

Guinea worm

A

Dracunculus medinensis

104
Q

Intermediate host of D. medinensis

A

Cyclops copepods (L3 larva)

105
Q

Natural host

106
Q

Diagnostic stage

A

Rhabditiform larva

107
Q

For severe allergic reactions

A

Epinephrine

108
Q

Anti helminthics

A

Thiabendazole
Metronidazole
Mebendazole

109
Q

Nematodes parasites of whales, dolphins, pospoises, walruses, seals,
lions, and other deep-marine mammaks

A

Anisakis spp

110
Q

Definitive hosts of Anisakis spp

A

Marine mammals

111
Q

Intermediate hosts of Anisakis spp

A

Crustacean

112
Q

Ingested larva will lodge in the intestine causing diarrhea and
vomiting

A

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis

113
Q

Larva embeds in the intestinal tissue = granuloma formation

A

Eosinophilic granulomatous response

114
Q

Mimics acute appendicitis

A

Eosinophilic granulomatous response

115
Q

Oropharynx, esophagus, colon

A

Ectopic anisakidosis

116
Q

Chewing of uncooked fish - larva may excyst in the

oropharynx - may embed in the tissue of oropharynx

A

Tingling throat syndrome

117
Q

Best method for treatment, management, prevention for Anisakis spp

A

Endoscopy and manual removal of larva

118
Q

Allergic reactions

119
Q

Possible drug

A

Albendazole

120
Q

Blast freezing

A

35 C for 15 hrs

-20 C for 7 days

121
Q

Rat lung worm

A

Parastrongylus cantonensis

122
Q

DH for Parastrongylus cantonensis

123
Q

IH for Parastrongylus cantonensis

A

Snail/slug

124
Q

Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

A

Parastrongylus cantonensis

125
Q

Uterine tubules coil around the
intestines making it appear like a
barber’s pole

A

Female Parastrongylus cantonensis

126
Q

Copulatory bursa

A

Male Parastrongylus cantonensis

127
Q

Long spicule

A

Male Parastrongylus cantonensis

128
Q

May be effective for Parastrongylus cantonensis

A

Mebendazole and Albendazole

129
Q

Excystation of larva - penetration of intestinal villi -
diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, abdominal cramps, malaise
nausea

A

Enteric stage

130
Q

Adult larva invading tissues

A

Invasive stage

131
Q

Neurologic signs may persist

A

Convalescent stage

132
Q

Encystment and encapsulation

A

Convalescent stage

133
Q

Get 1gm muscle sample; mix with pepsin and HCl;

observe under the microscope

A

Digestion technique

134
Q

most of the larva will become adult and

continue the life cycle

A

If puppy ingests the egg

135
Q

will prefer to stay as larva and encyst in

muscle

A

If old dog ingests the egg

136
Q

once it becomes pregnant, encysted

larva may rupture and migrate to the placenta

A

If female dog ingests the egg

137
Q

Larva migrates in the body

A

Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM)

138
Q

Solitary mass; seizures, encephalopathy, optic neuritis, eosinophilic
meningitis

A

Neurologic Toxocariasis

139
Q

Common among children 5-10 yo

A

Ocular larva migrans

140
Q

most serious consequence

A

retinal invasion

141
Q

Less specific syndrome or may be asymptomatic

A

Covert toxocariasis

PARASITOLOGY (3 decks)

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