Blood and Tissue nematodes Flashcards
1
Q
2nd cause of permanent and long-term disability after psychological problems
A
Lymphatic filariasis
2
Q
Presence of larva in the lymphatics causes it to be blocked, impairing
drainage of excess fluids in the body causing ________ and ________ of tissues
A
edema and swelling
3
Q
Lower lymphatics (Elephantiasis; Hydrocele)
A
W. bancrofti
4
Q
Upper lymphatics
A
B. malayi
5
Q
Worldwide
A
W. bancrofti
6
Q
Southeast Asia
A
B. malayi
7
Q
Enclosed in a hyaline sheath
A
W. bancrofti and B. malayi
8
Q
Head space – extension beyond the head; as wide as it is long
A
W. bancrofti
9
Q
Head space – longer than it is wide
A
B. malayi
10
Q
Nuclei – evenly spaced
A
W. bancrofti
11
Q
Tip of tail – with 2 nuclei
A
B. malayi
12
Q
Tip of tail have NO NUCLEUS
A
W. bancrofti
13
Q
Kinky
A
B. malayi
14
Q
Sheath is faintly stained or unstained
A
W. bancrofti
15
Q
Sheath – dark pink, highly stained
A
B. malayi
16
Q
Dilates lymphatics
A
Lymphangiectasis
17
Q
Proliferation of lumen
A
Lymphangiogenesis
18
Q
Common among those who grew up outside endemic regions
A
Expatriate syndrome
19
Q
Expatriate syndrome manifests __________ reaction.
A
Type I hypersensitivity
20
Q
Endemic normals
A
Asymptomatic
21
Q
(+) microfilaria (thousands to millions) in the blood but does not
manifest symptoms
A
Asymptomatic
22
Q
Worm has the ability to inhibit _____ - no immune response - no
progress to elephantiasis
A
CD4
23
Q
Most common manifestation of acute form
A
Acute Dermatolymphangioadenitis
24
Q
Localized pain, lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, cellulitis, localized
warmth
A
Acute Dermatolymphangioadenitis
25
Acute Dermatolymphangioadenitis is recurrent every ______ days.
1 to 16 days
26
Acute Dermatolymphangioadenitis may be mistaken an _______ and _______ which are cause by Group A streptococcus.
Erysipelas and cellulitis
27
Recent studies show that these manifestations of filariasis is due to ______________ as secondary bacterial infection
Streptococcus pyogenes
28
Directly caused by adult worms that died spontaneously or following
treatment
Acute Filarial Lymphangitis
29
Characterized by lymphangitis that progresses distally along the
vessel producing a palpable cord
Acute Filarial Lymphangitis
30
May indicate death of worms after treatment
Acute Filarial Lymphangitis
31
Self-limiting
Acute Filarial Lymphangitis
32
Chronic form
Lymphedema and elephantiasis
33
most common manifestation of chronic lymphatic filariasis
Lymphedema
34
A bacteria that infects the filarial worms can also contribute to the chronicity of filariasis
Wolbachia
35
Results in the obstruction of lymphatics of the tunica vaginalis of the
testis
Hydrocele
36
_____________ hydrocele fluid accumulate in the closed sac of
testis
Clear or straw-colored
37
In some cases, microfilaria will hide in the tissue - trigger allergic
manifestations - skin manifestations and allergic cough
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
38
Sometimes misdiagnosed as asthma or TB
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
39
best time to collect; microfilaria stay in the blood (nocturnal periodicity)
8 pm to 4 am
40
In daytime, the microfilaria stay in the __________.
Pulmonary vessels
41
If beyond 4am, administer __________ to trigger the microfilaria to come out from the pulmonary vessels
DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE (Diethylcarbamazine provocative test)
42
Preferred method
Circulating filarial antigens detection
43
Can detect latent infections
Circulating filarial antigens detection
44
Can be used to diagnose a case with no microfilaria present in the blood
Circulating filarial antigens detection
45
If low intensity infection
Knott concentration method
46
May cause fever, myalgia, headache, fever, myalgia, and sorethroat
Diethylcarbamazine
47
Same adverse effect of DEC but milder
Ivermectin
48
If target area is endemic for soil-transmitted helminths
Albendazole
49
For Wolbachia
Doxycycline
50
Treat the side effects accordingly (e.g. headache - pain reliever)
Diethylcarbamazine
51
Not effective against adult worms
Ivermectin
52
Albendazole must be maintained for _______.
6-12 months
53
Effective against adult and micrfilaria
Diethylcarbamazine
54
Given for 1 year
Ivermectin
55
Give for 12 days
Diethylcarbamazine
56
For prevention and control, annual _____ plus _______ or _______ in endemic areas.
DEC
Albendazole
Ivermectin
57
Vectors of Loa loa
Chrysops or deer fly, horse fly, mango fly
58
African eye worm
Loa loa
59
Leave behind allergens when they go through the
| subcutaneous area causing allergic reaction
Adult Loa loa
60
A transient subcutaneous swelling marking the migratory
course through the tissues of the adult filarial eye worm of
the genus Loa
Calabar swelling
61
The most common display of infection is the localized
allergic inflammations called _________ that signify
the migration of the adult worms in the tissues away from
the injection site by the vector
Calabar swelling
62
Visible movement of the adult worm across the surface of
the eye; cause congestion, itching, pain, and light sensitivity
but little damage (DO NOT CAUSE BLINDNESS)
Loa loa
63
Generalized pruritus in the absence of Calabar swelling
Loa loa
64
Fluid accumulation in the lungs – less common
Loa loa
65
best time to collect Loa loa microfilaria
Daytime (10 am to 2 pm)
| Diurnal periodicity
66
stays in the pulmonary vessels during
| nighttime
Non-circulation phase
67
Overlapping nuclei
Loa loa
68
With hyaline sheath
Loa loa
69
Nuclei extend up to the tip of the tail
Loa loa
70
May be confused with B. malayi
Loa loa
71
Best treatment for Loa loa
Diethylcarbamazine
72
If DEC is not effective in Loa loa
Albendazole
73
Vectors of Onchocerca volvolus
Female Simulium Blackflies
74
River blindness
Onchocerca volvolus
75
Produce UNSHEATHED microfiliaria found in the SKIN most of the time
(rarely in the blood)
Onchocerca volvolus
76
Unsheathed
Onchocerca volvolus
77
No nuclei at the tip
Onchocerca volvolus
78
Microfilariae reaches the eye - die - release chemicals -
| trigger inflammatory response
Ocular pathology of Onchocerca volvolus
79
Also releases Wolbachia -destroys cornea - _________
BLINDNESS
80
Most serious manifestation of Onchocerca volvolus
River blindness
81
Simulium flies lay their eggs in a fast flowing stream
and target people in Africa who would go to the
river to wash their clothes
River blindness
82
skin hyperpigmentation or depigmentation
lizard skin
83
microfilaria may migrate to the groin and
| destroy elastic fibers
Hanging groin
84
Found out to be endosymbionts of O. volbulus adults and
microfilariae and are thought to be the driving force behind most of
O. volvulus morbidity
Wolbachia
85
Cut a piece of the skin with allergic reaction or track of
microfilaria - place in NSS and wait for microfilaria to
emerge - stain with Giemsa or hematoxylin
Skin snip test/skin snips
86
Targets adult and microfilaria of Onchocerca volvolus
Diethylcarbamazine
87
Drug of choice for Onchocerca volvulus
Ivermectin + Doxycycline
88
Larva
ivermectin
89
wolbachia
doxycycline
90
Vector of Mansonella streptocerca
Culicoides
91
Vector of Mansonella ozzardi
Culicoides and Simulium
92
Vector of Mansonella perstans
Culicoides
93
Mansonella streptocerca
Dermis
94
Mansonella ozzardi
Subcutaneous tissue
95
___________ resides in the skin but may reach the
| bloodstream
M. streptocerca microfilaria
96
______ and _______ produce microfilaria that reaches
| blood stream
M. ozzardi and M. perstans
97
Hooked tail
M. streptocerca
98
Unsheathed
All mansonella species
99
With terminal nuclei
M. streptocerca
| M. perstans
100
No terminal nuclei
M. ozzardi
101
```
Almost identical to
Onchocerca but may
be differentiated
through specimen
(blood) and
endemicity of
infection (history)
```
Mansonella ozzardi
102
No optimal treatment
Mansonella species
103
Guinea worm
Dracunculus medinensis
104
Intermediate host of D. medinensis
Cyclops copepods (L3 larva)
105
Natural host
Man
106
Diagnostic stage
Rhabditiform larva
107
For severe allergic reactions
Epinephrine
108
Anti helminthics
Thiabendazole
Metronidazole
Mebendazole
109
Nematodes parasites of whales, dolphins, pospoises, walruses, seals,
lions, and other deep-marine mammaks
Anisakis spp
110
Definitive hosts of Anisakis spp
Marine mammals
111
Intermediate hosts of Anisakis spp
Crustacean
112
Ingested larva will lodge in the intestine causing diarrhea and
vomiting
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
113
Larva embeds in the intestinal tissue = granuloma formation
Eosinophilic granulomatous response
114
Mimics acute appendicitis
Eosinophilic granulomatous response
115
Oropharynx, esophagus, colon
Ectopic anisakidosis
116
Chewing of uncooked fish - larva may excyst in the
| oropharynx - may embed in the tissue of oropharynx
Tingling throat syndrome
117
Best method for treatment, management, prevention for Anisakis spp
Endoscopy and manual removal of larva
118
Allergic reactions
Steroids
119
Possible drug
Albendazole
120
Blast freezing
35 C for 15 hrs
| -20 C for 7 days
121
Rat lung worm
Parastrongylus cantonensis
122
DH for Parastrongylus cantonensis
Rat
123
IH for Parastrongylus cantonensis
Snail/slug
124
Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
Parastrongylus cantonensis
125
Uterine tubules coil around the
intestines making it appear like a
barber’s pole
Female Parastrongylus cantonensis
126
Copulatory bursa
Male Parastrongylus cantonensis
127
Long spicule
Male Parastrongylus cantonensis
128
May be effective for Parastrongylus cantonensis
Mebendazole and Albendazole
129
Excystation of larva - penetration of intestinal villi -
diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, abdominal cramps, malaise
nausea
Enteric stage
130
Adult larva invading tissues
Invasive stage
131
Neurologic signs may persist
Convalescent stage
132
Encystment and encapsulation
Convalescent stage
133
Get 1gm muscle sample; mix with pepsin and HCl;
| observe under the microscope
Digestion technique
134
most of the larva will become adult and
| continue the life cycle
If puppy ingests the egg
135
will prefer to stay as larva and encyst in
| muscle
If old dog ingests the egg
136
once it becomes pregnant, encysted
| larva may rupture and migrate to the placenta
If female dog ingests the egg
137
Larva migrates in the body
Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM)
138
Solitary mass; seizures, encephalopathy, optic neuritis, eosinophilic
meningitis
Neurologic Toxocariasis
139
Common among children 5-10 yo
Ocular larva migrans
140
most serious consequence
retinal invasion
141
Less specific syndrome or may be asymptomatic
Covert toxocariasis
