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PharmEducate Notes > Blood And Nutrition > Flashcards

Blood And Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is sickle cell crisis?

A

The infarction of blood vessels which obstruct blood supply to vital organs causing severe pain

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2
Q

Which supplement is required for sickle cell patients?

A

Folate to help erythropoiesis (making new blood cells)

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3
Q

What is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency?

A

An inborn error of carb metabolism predisposing to haemolytic anaemia

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4
Q

Symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Tiredness
Pallor - pale skin
SOB
Palpitations

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5
Q

Examples of conditions which require prophylaxis with iron?

A

Malabsorption diseases e.g. Crohn’s or Gastrectomy
Menorrhagia
Chronic renal failure; heamodialysis
Pregnancy
Low birth weight infants

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6
Q

Patient counselling for iron?

A

Take with or after food (due to GI side effect - constipation and diarrhoea)

Take with a full glass of orange juice (vit C aids absorption)

Continue for 3 months after blood levels return to normal

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7
Q

Common iron dose not for pregnancy?

A

Ferrous sulphate 200mg TDS for up to 3 months after levels return to normal

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8
Q

When is parenteral iron required?

A

Chronic renal failure with haemodialysis
Malabsorption syndromes
Chemotherapy-induced anaemia

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9
Q

MHRA alert for iv iron?

A

Serious anaphylactic reactions. Monitor patients for 30mins post dose

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10
Q

Which patient group should not be given IV iron?

A

Pregnant women especially in 1st trimester

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11
Q

If a patient has had a previous iron infusion, can they still develop hypersensitivity?

A

Yes therefore test doses not recommended

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12
Q

Which vitamin is hydroxocobalamin?

A

Vitamin B12

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13
Q

Symptoms of megaloblastic anaemia?

A

Numbness, tingling hands and feet, muscle weakness and depression

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14
Q

Which route is used to treat malabsorption caused megaloblastic anaemia?

A

IM hydroxocobalamin

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15
Q

When the type of megaloblastic anaemia is unknown can you give folic acid alone?

A

No - this can cause spinal neuropathy and should be given with vitamin b12

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16
Q

Megaloblastic anaemia is caused by folic acid anaemia but what is the treatment?

A

Folic acid for 4 months

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17
Q

Treatment for iron poisoning?

A

Desferrioxamine

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18
Q

Treatment of neutropenia?

A

Filgrastim
(Can reduce the duration of chemotherapy induced neutropenia)

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19
Q

Normal sodium levels?

A

133 - 146mmol/L

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20
Q

Symptoms of hypernatraemia

A

Convulsions
Hypovolaemia
Thirst
Dehydration
Oliguria
Postural hypotension
Tachycardia

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21
Q

Drugs that cause hypernatraemia?
(5 main ones)

A

Oral contraceptives
Corticosteroids
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium content in IV antibiotics
Lithium

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22
Q

Treatment of hypernatraemia when caused by volume depletion E.g. diabetes insipidis?

A

IV glucose

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23
Q

Symptoms of hyponatraemia?

A

Drowsiness
Confusion
Convulsions
Nausea and Vomiting
Headaches
Cramps

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24
Q

Drugs that can cause hyponatraemia?
(4 main ones)

A

Antidepressants
Loop and thiazide diuretics
Carbamazepine
Desmopressin

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25
Q

Treatment of severe hyponatraemia?

A

IV saline via a peripheral vein
(Higher concentrations = central vein)
Give slowly due to risk of osmotic demyelination

26
Q

When is oral rehydration therapy used?

A

Diarrhoea

27
Q

What electrolytes are found in rehydration therapy?

A

K+
Na+
Glucose

28
Q

How long is ORS given for in diarrhoea?

A

Over 3-4 hours

29
Q

How long is ORS given for hypernatraemia dehydration?

A

12 hours

30
Q

What can be given in severe dehydration?

A

IV glucose to replace water deficit

31
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

Hyperchloraemia

32
Q

Treatment of metabolic acidosis?

A

Sodium bicarbonate

OR potassium bicarbonate if caused by low potassium

33
Q

Normal calcium levels?

A

2.1 - 2.58mmol/L

34
Q

Treatment of hypercalcamia?

A

Bisphosphonates and corticosteroids

35
Q

Treatment of hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy?

A

Calcitonin

36
Q

Which electrolyte can be effected by hyperparathyroidism?

A

Hypercalcaemia

37
Q

Treatment of hypercalcaemia caused by hyperparathyroidism?

A

Cinalcet

38
Q

Treatment of hypercalciuria?

A

Bendroflumethiazides

39
Q

Treatment of mild-moderate hypocalcaemia?

A

Vit D and calcium supplements

40
Q

Treatment of moderate-severe hypocalcaemia?

A

Slow IV calcium gluconate
(Rapid infusion can cause arrhythmias)

41
Q

Normal magnesium levels?

A

0.7 - 1.05mmol/L

42
Q

Which electrolyte disturbance is common in alcoholics?

A

Hypomagnesaemia

43
Q

Impact of Hypomagnesaemia on other electrolytes?

A

Makes everything else go down too: Hypocalcaemia
Hypokalaemia
Hyponatraemia

44
Q

Treatment of Hypomagnesaemia?

A

IV/IM magnesium sulphate

45
Q

Treatment of hyperphosphataemia?

A

Calcium-containing preparations

46
Q

Treatment of hypophosphataemia?

A

Phosphate
IV if moderate - severe

47
Q

Normal potassium levels?

A

3.5 - 5.3mmol/L

48
Q

Symptoms of hyperkalaemia?

A

Ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest

49
Q

Drugs that can cause hyperkalaemia?

A

“HAD BEANS”
Heparin, ACE/ARB, Digoxin, Beta blockers, Eplenerone, Amiloride, NSAIDs, Spironolactone

50
Q

Treatment of mild-moderate hyperkalaemia with no ECG changes?

A

Calcium resonium

51
Q

Treatment of acute-severe hyperkalaemia >6.5mmol/L?

A

Slow IV calcium gluconate
Adjunct can include IV insulin, glucose, and salbutamol

52
Q

Symptoms of hypokalaemia?

A

Muscle hypotonia and arrhythmias

53
Q

Drugs that cause hypokalaemia?

A

“CD BIT”
Diuretics, insulin, b2 agonists, theophylline, corticosteroids

54
Q

Treatment of mild hypokalaemia?

A

Oral slow potassium chloride
Or potassium sparing diuretic if diuretic cause

55
Q

Treatment of severe hypokalaemia?

A

IV potassium chloride

56
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

ADEK

57
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble?

A

B and C

58
Q

Which vitamin should be avoided in pregnancy?

A

Vitamin A (also found in cod liver oil or liver pates)

59
Q

How long should folic acid be given in pregnancy?

A

Straight away once trying to conceive and up to 12 weeks into pregnancy

60
Q

How long should folic acid be given in pregnancy in a patient with sickle cell?

A

The entire duration of pregnancy

61
Q

Interaction between vitamin E and warfarin?

A

Increased risk of bleeding

62
Q

What foods provide vitamin K?

A

Green leafy vegetables

PharmEducate Notes (8 decks)

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