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Blood and Lymph > Blood and Lymph > Flashcards

Blood and Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

What components does the Blood System consist of?

A
  • Blood
  • A Heart
  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Venules
  • Veins
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2
Q

What is blood a transport medium for around the body?

A
  • Dissolved nutrients to the tissues
  • Waste products from the tissues to excretory organs
  • Hormones from glands to their target organs
  • Immune substances around the body
  • Excess heat to the skin
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3
Q

What are the 5 constituents of blood?

A
  • Plasma
  • Large Proteins
  • Hormones
  • Red Blood Cells
  • White Blood Cells
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4
Q

What function does Plasma serve in the blood?

A

It is a fluid portion that contains water, dissolved nutrients, oxygen, and immune proteins called antibodies, blood clotting agents and other important substances.

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5
Q

What function does Plasma serve in the blood?

A

It is a fluid portion that contains water, dissolved nutrients, oxygen, and immune proteins called antibodies, blood clotting agents and other important substances.

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6
Q

What function do Large Proteins serve in the Blood?

A

They provide the environment for Osmosis. (the passage of water through a membrane from one tissue to another.

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7
Q

What function do Hormones serve in the Blood?

A

They activate target organs to manufacture certain substances.

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8
Q

What function do Red Blood Cells serve in the blood?

A

They transport CO2 from the tissues to the lungs by acting as a catalyst for transport. They also, transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues by attaching O to the Haemoglobin part of the cells.

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9
Q

What functions do White Blood Cells serve in the Blood?

A

Involved in defence and immunitty.

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10
Q

What do Artery walls consist of?
Describe the structure of Arteries.

A
  • Elastic tissue to absorb the shock of the hearts strong pumping force
  • Muscle tissue to regulate the blood flow to specific areas and organs
  • Inner single layer of flattened cells that provides a smooth surface to reduce the friction from the blood flow
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11
Q

Describe an arteriole?

A

As arteries enter organs and limbs they continue to branch, decreasing in size and losing elasticity. As the amount of elastic tissue in the artery wall decreases, the amount of muscle increases, until the artery forms into an arteriole.

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12
Q

What is an Arteriole?

A

A small artery that has muscular walls that contract and relax, controlling the amount of blood to each organ or tissue as required.

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13
Q

Describe a Capillary

A

A tiny vessel consisting of a single layer of flattened epithelial cells, that allow nutrients and oxygen dissolved in plasma, to pass through into the tissue cells.

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14
Q

Draw the Arterial Systemic Circulation.

A

Check pg17 Blood and Lymph workbooks

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15
Q

What is the function of the Pulmonary Circulation?

A

Transports waste products such as CO2 and excess water via the pulmonary artery to the lungs for excretion, then back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, the system delivers oxygenated blood which is pumped around the body.

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16
Q

Draw the Venous System Circulation

A

Check page 18 Blood and Lymph

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the Portal System?

A

Transport blood containing nutrients absorbed from the GIT to the liver, where they are used to manufacture all the substances needed by the body for growth and repair. Nutrients are then transported by the Vena Cava to the heart for distribution.

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18
Q

When does a condition becomes systemic?

A

When organisms enter the Arterial blood via the Aorta.

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19
Q

Would an infection in the liver and lungs be Local or Systemic? Why?

A

Local. The liver is also fed by the Mesenteric Vein and the lungs are partially fed by the liver. Infections on their own in both organs are not considered systemic.

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20
Q

What is the purpose of Foetal Circulation?

A

Obtain O, H20, and nutrients from the mother, circulate them around the body of the foetus and return CO2 and waste products to the mother.

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21
Q

Draw the Portal Circulation System.

A

Page 20 Blood and Lymph

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22
Q

Draw the Foetal Circulation System

A

Page 22 Blood and Lymph

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23
Q

What is the function of the Umbilical Cord?

A

Connects the mother to the Foetus. It contains umbilical arteries and veins.

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24
Q

What is the function of the Placenta?

A

Pass nutrients from the mother to the Foetal Blood Supply

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25
Q

What is the Foramen Ovale?

A

When the blood enters the right atrium it travels through a hole directly into the left atrium, into the left ventricle and is pumped around the body.

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26
Q

What is the Urachus?

A

A continuous extension of the outer surface of the Foetal bladder to the membrane surrounding the Foetus.

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27
Q

What does the Lymphatic System consist of?

A

Lymph Vessels
Lymph
Lymph Nodes
Lymphoid Tissue
Lymph Ducts
Regional Lymph Nodes
Terminal Lymph Nodes

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28
Q

What is the relevance of Lymph nodes to MI?

A

Assess whether Dx are acute, chronic, localized or systemic
Identify the primary site of infection
Determine the extent a Dx may have spread

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29
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the Lymphatic System?

A
  1. Return tissue fluid unable to re-enter the capillaries to the blood
  2. Supply defence mechanisms to the body. including monitoring the presence of potentially harmful organisms in the body.
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30
Q

What is Tissue Fluid?

A

Blood Plasma containing water, dissolved nutrients and oxygen is forced by BP through pores in the capillary walls into the tissue spaces. It bathes the cells and supplies the nutrients necessary for the growth and repair of tissues.

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31
Q

How does tissue fluid leave the capillary?

A

Blood plasma is forced by blood pressure out of the capillary, causing a pressure drop in the venous end of the capillary.

32
Q

How does tissue fluid get back into the blood system?

A

Some of the tissue fluid can diffuse back into the blood, venous end of capillary, because of the drop in blood pressure. However, not all of the fluid can return this way. The rest is removed by the lymphatics and returned via the lymph system to the blood.

33
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane like a cell wall from and area of high concentration of water molecules to an area of low concentration.

34
Q

What role does the liver play in Osmosis?

A

The liver manufactures proteins that enter the blood stream and take the space normally occupied by water, so that there is less water in the blood than in the tissues. This means there will always be less water in the blood than in the tissues. Lack of proteins in the blood will allow more plasma to remain in the capillary

35
Q

What are Lymph vessels?

A

Small vessels that suck up excess fluid from the spaces between cells in the capillary bed and transport it to a lymph node and eventually to the blood via lymph ducts.

36
Q

How is lymph moved along the vessels?

A

Muscular movement acting on lymph vessels and Negative blood pressure sucking lymph from the ducts into the vena cava.

37
Q

What are Afferent and Efferent lymph vessels?

A

Afferent= Lymph vessels traveling to a L/N
Efferent= Lymph vessels traveling from a L/N

38
Q

What prevents lymph from flowing back into the tissue spaces?

A

Lymph vessel valves.

39
Q

What is Lymph?

A

It is the clear, pale fluid, with the exception of the lymph in the mesenteric LN where it is milky.

40
Q

What are the characteristics of Lymphoid Tissue?

A
  • Found in the LN, tonsils, thymus and spleen, Lining the respiratory and alimentary tracts and sites of chronic inflammation.
  • it produces Lymphocytes, immunity
41
Q

What are Lymph Nodes?

A
  • Lymph vessels join to form larger vessels that travel along spaces between tissues and muscles and collect at LN.
  • Round or Oval shaped pale yellow organs attached to other structures throughout the body.
  • Tough outer capsule containing the soft inter structure of the node.
  • Internal structure consists of long twisted formations of LT, with channels between them that are lined with WBC
42
Q

What happens to a LN during infection?

A

*Blood supply increased to provide more nutrients
*Becomes swollen
*Red and inflamed centre.

43
Q

What is the function of Lymph Nodes?

A

The main role of LN is defense against harmful micro-org or antigens. Lymph enters the node and travels a tortous route where it is checked by WBC for harmful substances and they are removed or antibodies produced.

44
Q

What are Lymph Ducts?

A

After lymph has been drained form the capillary bed or passed through a LN or series of LNs it enters another set of vessels, these unite with others and form larger Ducts.

45
Q

What is a Regional LN?

A

a LN that drains an area then sends lymph to terminal node.

46
Q

What is a Terminal LN?

A

A LN which drains directly into a lymph duct

47
Q

What components does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

Lymph
Lymph Vessel
Lymph Tissue
Lymph Duct
Lymph Node
Regional LN
Terminal LN

48
Q

There is an infection in an organ, what happens to the LN that drains it?

A

*Increases its capacity to manufacture immune cells.
*Efferent vessels close to prevent the escape of micro-organisms

49
Q

Do a LN drainage exercise

A

Do another one.

50
Q

Name all of the Terminal LN?

A

Internal Iliac
Lumbar
Renals
Hepatics
L. Bronchial
Posterior Mediastinal
Middle Mediastinal
Anterior Mediastinal
Superficial Cervical
Prepectoral
Atlantal
Mesenterics

51
Q

Why are Terminal LN relevant to MI?

A

They are the last defensive node before the Lymph enters the blood. Any infection in these nodes means infective org may have escaped in a Lymph Duct and so the blood.

52
Q

What would a pathological change in the Renal Terminal LN mean?

A

Indicates there may be an infection in the kidney. Because the kidney receives blood from the systemic circulation, it is evidence of systemic involvement.

53
Q

What would a pathological change in the Internal Iliac LN mean?

A

Indicates a systemic infection in the subiliac, popliteal, ischiatic, superficial inguinal or supramammary, udder, testicles, kidneys, a hindquarter joint or an infected hindquarter injury.

54
Q

Draw the drainage of LN in the head. Labelling all Regional LN, Terminal LN and Ducts. And their drainage areas.

A

Parotid LN
Submaxillary LN
Retropharangeal LN
ATLANTAL LN
Traecheal Duct

55
Q

Draw the drainage of LN in the forequarter. Labelling all Regional LN, Terminal LN and Ducts. And their drainage areas.

A

SUPERFICAL CEVIACAL LN
PREPECTORAL LN
Traecheal Duct

56
Q

Draw the drainage of LN in the lungs and heart. Labelling all Regional LN, Terminal LN and Ducts.
And their drainage areas.

A

L. BRONCHIAL LN
R. bronchial LN
R. apical LN
ANTERIOR MEDIASTINAL
MIDDLE MEDIASTINAL LN
POSTERIOR MEDIASTINAL
Thoracic Duct

57
Q

Draw the drainage of LN in the GIT. Labelling all Regional LN, Terminal LN and Ducts towards the heart. And their drainage areas.

A

HEPATIC LN
MESENTERIC LN
Mesenteric Duct
Cysterna Chyli

58
Q

Draw the drainage of LN in the hindquarter. Labelling all Regional LN, Terminal LN and Ducts. And their drainage areas.

A

INTERNAL ILIAC LN
RENAL LN
Ischiatic LN
Popliteal LN
Super/Supra LN
Subiliac LN
LUMBAR LNS
Lumbar trunk
Cysterna Chyli

59
Q

Perform an exercise to revise Lymph Drainage

A

Do another 1.

60
Q

List all drainage areas of the Lymph Node System

A

!?

61
Q

What distinct sources does the body get immunity to antigens from.

A

Inherited
Acquired Naturally
Acquired Artificially

62
Q

What are the two groups of White Blood Cells?

A

Defence Cells and Immune Cells.

63
Q

What are the different types of defence cells?

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

64
Q

What is a Macrophage?

A

Large WBC cells that engulf and destroy a wide range of harmful substances

65
Q

What is a Neutrophil?

A

First WBC that arrives at an injury site. They re highly active, individual cells can engulf and destroy most bacteria

66
Q

What is a monocyte?

A

a WBC which is needed for more difficult jobs

67
Q

what is an Eosinophil?

A

A WBC that helps deal with parasites, they are green in colour, and in large numbers give degenerating parasitic lesions a pale green colour.

68
Q

What is a Basophil?

A

Help in detoxifying poisons

69
Q

LOL

A

LOL

70
Q

How are defence cells attracted to an injury site or infection?

A

Special chemicals released by damaged cells into the blood

71
Q

What are the WBC involved in immunity called?

A

Lymphocytes, created in the bone marrow

72
Q

What are the two types of Lymphocytes?

A

T-cells
B-cells

73
Q

What is a T-cell?

A

Lymphocytes that pass through the Thymus, main agent of cell mediated immunity.

74
Q

What is a B-cell?

A

Lymphocyte that undergoes differentiation before seeding LN. They also manufacture antibodies that circulate in the blood.

75
Q

How do Lymphocytes recognise an antigen?

A

Biochemical flag or Identification marker

76
Q

During the immune response, what happens to the LN?

A

More blood flows into the LN to supply more nutrients for the increased manufacture of antibodies. Causing the LN to increases in size and to appear reddened. (hyperemic)

Blood and Lymph (2 decks)

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