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Vertebrate Physiology > Blood and Inflammation EXAM III > Flashcards

Blood and Inflammation EXAM III Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the blood does plasma take up?

A

55%

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2
Q

What is serum?

A

plasma minus fibrin

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3
Q

What percent of RBC’s is hematocrit in males?

A

40-54%

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4
Q

What percent of RBC’s is hematocrit in females?

A

37-47%

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5
Q

What are formed elements?

A

cells and cell fragments (platelets).

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6
Q

What percent of plasma is water?

A

92%

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7
Q

What are the electrolytes found in plasma?

A

sodium, chloride, hydrogen, HCO3, potassium and calcium.

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8
Q

What is the significance of electrolytes in plasma?

A
  1. membrane potential and excitability.
  2. osmotic distribution (sodium retention=water retention).
  3. buffering of pH
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9
Q

What are the nutrients in plasma?

A

glucose, vitamins, fatty acids, amino acids, etc.

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10
Q

What are the waste products in plasma?

A

urea (penetrating), bilirubin, creatinine

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11
Q

What is the purpose of bilirubin?

A

breaks down RBCs

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12
Q

What can plasma carry?

A

hormones.

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13
Q

What can albumin transport?

A

bilirubin, bile salts, penicillin, hydrophobic molecules, hormones, etc.
located in plasma

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14
Q

What does an increase in albumin lead to?

A

an increase in viscosity of the blood.

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15
Q

What do albumin proteins help with?

A

colloid osmotic pressure.

stimulate fluid movement into the capillary.

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16
Q

Describe salt balance in plasma proteins.

A

angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin I and then to angiotensin II when salt levels in the body need to be regulated.
lungs, kidney.

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17
Q

What do alpha and beta globulins transport?

A

thyroid hormone, cholesterol, iron.

located in plasma.

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18
Q

What is transferrin?

A

an iron-transport molecule located in plasma.

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19
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

a clotting protein found in plasma.

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20
Q

What are secondary functions of the plasma?

A
  1. fuels metabolism during starvation.

2. buffer pH

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21
Q

What are the four types of formed elements?

A
  1. pluripotent stem cells (bone marrow).
  2. erythrocytes
  3. leukocytes
  4. platelets
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22
Q

Describe the structure of hemoglobin.

A

consists of an iron containing heme and four polypeptides (globin)

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23
Q

What does the globin aid with?

A

quaternary structure.

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24
Q

What are the functions of hemoglobin?

A

binds molecules

acts as a buffer when it binds to hydrogen

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25
Q

What can hemoglobin bind to?

A
  1. oxygen
  2. carbon dioxide.
  3. carbon monoxide
  4. nitric oxide
  5. buffers hydrogen from CO2–>HCO3
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26
Q

why does hemoglobin bind to oxygen?

A

to transport it to other locations in the body.

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27
Q

Describe the competition between carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.

A

carbon monoxide has a higher affinity for hemoglobin, so if there is a small amount of carbon monoxide in the blood, it will still cause a reaction

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28
Q

Where does oxygen bind to hemoglobin?

A

to the heme group in the center

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29
Q

where does carbon dioxide bind to hemoglobin?

A

the polypeptide chains.

30
Q

What are the characteristics of red blood cells?

A

have no organelles
use glycolysis for energy
live 120 days

31
Q

Describe the advantage of the bioconcavity of RBCs.

A

the folding increases the surface area for diffusion.

32
Q

What is the rate of erythrocyt replacement?

A

2-3 million RBCs are replaced each second.

33
Q

What are the different sites of erythrocyte production?

A
  1. yolk sac during embryonic development.
  2. liver and spleen at young age
  3. red bone marrow in adulthood.
34
Q

How is erythropoiesis controlled?

A

the kidney secretes erythropoietin, which is stimulated by low oxygen levels.

35
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

immature RBCs, which still have organelles.

36
Q

What does excessive amounts of circulating reticulocytes mean?

A

blood doping or cancer (leukemia)

37
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

to filter our old RBCs

38
Q

What is anemia?

A

lack of RBCs or hemoglobin.

reduced hematocrit

39
Q

What are the six types of anemia?

A
  1. nutritional
  2. pernicious
  3. aplastic
  4. renal
  5. hemorrhagic
  6. hemolytic
40
Q

What is nutritional anemia?

A

reduction in iron or folic acid.

folic acid helps to form DNA for RBCs and prevents formation of fragile RBCs

41
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

inability to absorb vitamin B12 by a reduction in intrinsic factor, which comes from the small intestine.
B12 helps to form DNA for RBCs, and prevent formation of fragile RBCs

42
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

failure of bone marrow caused by benzene, arsenic, chloramphenicol, radiation or cancer cells in the bone marrow.

43
Q

What is renal anemia?

A

inadequate erythropoietin caused by kidney failure.

44
Q

What is hemorrhagic anemia?

A

temporary blood loss

45
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

shape changes in RBCs, they get stuck in the capillaries.
the cells are fragile, may rupture easily.
protozoan parasites may also stimulate blood cells to rupture (malaria)

46
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

an excess of RBCs, causing the blood to move more slowly.

47
Q

What are the three types of polycythemia?

A
  1. primary
  2. secondary
  3. relative
48
Q

Describe primary polycythemia.

A

tumor like

bone marrow makes too much blood.

49
Q

Describe secondary polycythemia.

A

physiological
blood doping
in high altitude, you compensate by making more RBCs

50
Q

Describe relative polycythemia.

A 
usually caused by dehydration. 
loss of fluid. 
increased density of RBCs
not a true increase in RBC count. 
restored with saline.
51
Q

Describe the granulocytes.

A

show grainy clusters in cytoplasm.
eosinophils–alergies
basophils–release histamine and heparin
neutrophils–phagocytes, highest in #

52
Q

What does a drop in neutrophils mean?

A

neutropenic, the person is immunocompromised.

53
Q

Describe the agranulocytes.

A

monocytes–phagocytes

lymphocytes–B and T cells

54
Q

Describe leukocyte production and maturation.

A

bone marrow, mature at other sites and some are produced from precursors that are mature at tonsils, lymph nodes.

55
Q

What is mononucleosis?

A

lots of atypical lymphocytes, Epstein-Barr virus causes it

enlarged spleen.

56
Q

What is leukemia?

A

cancer of White blood cells, abnormal and immature cells cannot fight infection.
anemia results because erythropoiesis is reduced, internal bleeding because platelets are reduced.

57
Q

What are the symptoms of inflammation?

A

red, warm, swollen (edema) and pain.

58
Q

What are the causes of inflammation?

A
  1. histamine increases capillary permeability (leads to edema) and vasodilation (increases blood flow, redness and warmth) also increases white blood cells at the site.
  2. phagocytic secretions activate pain receptors.
59
Q

Describe the formation of platelets.

A

1 megakaryocyte creates 1000 platelets.

60
Q

What does thrombopoietin stimulate?

A

an increase in the number of megakaryocytes.

61
Q

Describe hemostasis.

A
  1. vascular spasm.
  2. platelet aggregation
    ADP release–makes the platelets sticky.
    thromboxane A2–promotes platelet aggregation and more ADP release.
  3. Prostacyclin and nitric oxide from normal endothelium, prevents platelet aggregation. Therefore, platelets are confined to the wound area.
62
Q

Describe coagulation.

A

fibrinogen–> fibrin

loose meshowork–> tight meshwork, trapping of RBCs.

63
Q

What is the intrinsic pathway of coagulation initiated by?

A

blood vessel wall damage.

64
Q

What is the extrinsic pathway of coagulation initiated by?

A

blood leaking into tissues.

65
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

When a clot is adhered to a vessel.

66
Q

What is an embolus?

A

when a clot is dislodged from a vessel.

67
Q

What is septicemic shock?

A

widespread clotting when bacteria or their toxins initiate the clotting pathway.

68
Q

Describe clot removal.

A
  1. plasminogen (inactive protein from liver)–>plasmin, which is fibrinolytic.
  2. tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) from tissues initiates the above plasmin activation.
  3. heparin–clinically prevents clotting. seen in low levels in the body.
69
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

a lacking in clotting factor VIII

70
Q

What is thrombocytopenia purpura?

A

lack of platelets, blood vessels are leaky.

71
Q

Describe porphyria.

A

the vampire disease.
pale skin.
lack of enzymes necessary to make functional hemes.

Vertebrate Physiology (9 decks)

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