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Blood and Immunity (Chapter 10) > Blood and Immunity Key Terms > Flashcards

Blood and Immunity Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Neutrophils

A

a granular leukocyte, stain weakly with both acidic and basic dyes. The most numerous of the WBC’s, a type of phagocyte.

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2
Q

Eosinophils

A

a granular leukocyte, stain strongly with acidic dyes; active in allergic reactions and defense against parasites.

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3
Q

Basophils

A

Granular leukocyte, Stain strongly with basic dyes; active in allergic reactions

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4
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Do not show visible granules when stained. Nucleus is large and either round or curved. 2 types: Lymphocytes and Monocytes.

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5
Q

Lymphocytes

A

the smaller agranulocytes, active in immunity (T and B cells); found in the blood and in lymphoid tissue

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6
Q

Monocytes

A

are the largest of all the WBC’s; an agranular phagocytic leukocyte

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7
Q

T cells

A

T (lymphocytes): mature in the thymus. Capable of attacking a foreign cell directly, producing cell-mediated immunity.

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8
Q

Macrophages

A

descendants of monocytes, are important in the function of T cells. They take in and process foreign antigens. A T cell is activated when it contacts an antigen on a macrophage’s surface in combination with some of the body’s own proteins.

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9
Q

B cell

A

(B lymphocytes) mature in bone marrow. When they meet a foreign antigen, they multiply rapidly and mature into plasma cells.

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10
Q

Plasma cells

A

Produce antibodies (immunoglobulins (Ig)) that inactivates antigens. Antibodies remain in the blood, often providing long term immunity to the specific organism against which they were formed. Antibody - based immunity is - humoral immunity.

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11
Q

albumin

A

a simple protein found in blood plasma

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12
Q

antibody

A

a protein produced in response to and interacting specifically with an antigen

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13
Q

antigen

A

a substance that induces the formation of an antibody

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14
Q

band cell

A

an immature neutrophil with a nucleus in the shape of a band, aka stab cell. Band cell counts are used to trace infections and other diseases.

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15
Q

blood

A

fluid that circulates in the cardiovascular system

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16
Q

coagulation

A

blood clotting

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17
Q

cross-matching

A

Testing the compatibility of donor and recipient blood in preparation for a transfusion. Donor red cells are mixed with recipient serum to look for an immunological reaction. Similar tests are done on tissues before transplantation.

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18
Q

electrolyte

A

a substance that separates into charged particles (ions) in solution; a salt. Term also applied to ions in body fluids.

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19
Q

erythrocyte

A

red blood cell

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20
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

A hormone produces in the kidneys that stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow. Now made through genetic engineering for clinical use.

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21
Q

fibrin

A

protein that forms a clot in the blood coagulation process

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22
Q

fibrinogen

A

inactive precursor of fibrin

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23
Q

formed elements

A

cellular component of blood

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24
Q

gamma globulin

A

fraction of the blood plasma that contain antibodies; given for passive transfer of immunity.

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25
Q

hemostasis

A

stoppage of bleeding

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26
Q

immunity

A

state of being protected against a disease

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27
Q

Immunoglobulin (Ig)

A

An antibody. 5 classes : IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

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28
Q

leukocyte

A

a white blood cell

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29
Q

megakaryocyte

A

a large bone marrow cell that fragments to release platelets

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30
Q

phagocytosis

A

the engulfing of foreign material by WBC’s

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31
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of the blood

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32
Q

plasma cell

A

a mature form of a B cell that produces antibodies

33
Q

platelet

A

a formed element of the blood that is active in hemostasis; a thrombocyte

34
Q

serum

A

the fraction of the plasma that remains after blood coagulation; it is the equivalent of plasma without its clotting factors

35
Q

thrombocyte

A

a blood platelet

36
Q

Granulocytes

A

Aka granular leukocytes, have visible granules in the cytoplasm when stained. A granulocyte has a segmented nucleus. There are 3 types: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils.

37
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: immune system failure caused by infection with HIV. The virus infects certain T cells and thus interacts with immunity.

38
Q

allergen

A

a substance that causes an allergic response

39
Q

allergy

A

hypersensitivity

40
Q

anaphylactic reaction

A

an exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign substance. It may lead to death caused by circulatory collapse and a respiratory distress if untreated.

41
Q

anemia

A

a deficiency in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood, may result from blood loss, malnutrition, a hereditary defect, environmental factors and other causes.

42
Q

angioedema

A

a localized edema with large hives (wheals) similar to urticaria but involving deeper layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

43
Q

aplastic anemia

A

anemia caused by bone marrow failure resulting in deficient blood cell production, especially of red cells; pancytopenia

44
Q

autoimmune disease

A

a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against an individual’s own tissues

45
Q

Cooley anemia

A

a form of thalassemia (hereditary anemia) that affects production of the B (beta) hemoglobin chain, thalassemia major

46
Q

delayed hypersensitivity reaction

A

an allergic reaction involving T cells that takes at least 12 hours to develop. Examples: contact dermatitis (poison ivy or poison oak), tuberculin reaction (test for TB), and rejections of transplanted tissue

47
Q

DIC

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation: widespread clot formation in the microscopic vessels; may be followed by bleeding caused by depletion of clotting factors

48
Q

ecchymosis

A

a collection of blood under the skin caused by leakage from small vessels, typically caused by bruising

49
Q

hemolysis

A

the rupture of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin

50
Q

hemophilia

A

a hereditary blood disease caused by a lack of clotting factor and resulting in abnormal bleeding

51
Q

hemorrhagic anemia

A

anemia that results from blood loss, as from an injury or internal bleeding

52
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus : the virus that causes AIDS

53
Q

Hodgkins disease

A

a neoplastic disease of unknown cause that involves the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other tissues; characterized by the presence of giant Reed-Sternberg cells

54
Q

hypersensitivity

A

an immunological reaction to a substance that is harmless to most people; allergy

55
Q

immunodeficiency

A

a congenital or acquired failure of the immune system yo protect against disease

56
Q

intrinsic factor

A

a substance produces in the stomach that aids in the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12, necessary for the manufacture of red blood cells. Lack of IF causes pernicious anemia

57
Q

Kaposi sarcoma

A

cancerous lesion of the skin and other tissues, seen most often in patients with AIDS

58
Q

leukemia

A

malignant overgrowth of immature white blood cells; may be chronic or acute; may affect the bone marrow (myelogenous leukemia ) or lymphoid tissue (lymphocytic leukemia)

59
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

any disease of the lymph nodes

60
Q

multiple myeloma

A

a tumor of the blood forming tissue in bone marrow

61
Q

NHL

A

non- Hodgkin lymphoma: a widespread malignant disease of lymph nodes that involves lymphocytes. It differs from Hodgkin disease in the that giant Reed-Sternberg cells are absent

62
Q

nutritional anemia

A

anemia resulting from a dietary deficiency, usually of iron, Vit B 12 or folic acid.

63
Q

Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)

A

an abnormal chromosome found in the cells of most individuals with chronic granulocytic (myelogenous leukemia)

64
Q

pernicious anemia

A

anemia caused by failure of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor, a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12. this vitamin is required for the formation of erythrocytes.

65
Q

petechiae

A

pinpoint, flat, purplish-red spots caused by bleeding within the skin or mucous membrane

66
Q

purpura

A

a condition characterized by hemorrhages in the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs, and other tissues. Thrombocytopenic purpura is caused by a deficiency of platelets.

67
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

a hereditary anemia caused by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin. Red blood cells become sickle shaped when they give up oxygen and interfere with normal blood flow to the tissues. Most common in black populations of West Africa descent.

68
Q

sideroblastic anemia

A

anemia caused by inability to use available iron to manufacture hemoglobin. The excess iron precipitates in normoblasts (developing RBC’s)

69
Q

Sjogren Syndrome

A

an autoimmune disease involving dysfunction of the exocrine glands and affecting secretion of tears, saliva, and other body fluids. Deficiency leads to dry mouth, tooth decay, corneal damage, eye infections, and difficulty swallowing.

70
Q

splenomegaly

A

enlargement of the spleen

71
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

inflammatory connective tissue disease affecting the skin and multiple organs. Patients are sensitive to light and may have red butterfly shaped rash over the nose and cheeks

72
Q

systemic sclerosis

A

a diffuse connective tissue disease that may involve any system causing inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis. AKA scleroderma because it causes thickening of the skin.

73
Q

thalassemia

A

a group of hereditary anemias mostly found in populations of Mediterranean descent

74
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

a deficiency of thrombocytes (platelets) in the blood

75
Q

urticaria

A

a skin reaction consisting of round, raised eruptions (wheals) with itching hives

76
Q

adrenaline/epinephrine

A

a powerful stimulant produced by the adrenal gland and sympathetic nervous system. Activates the cardiovascular, respiratory and other systems needed to meet stress. Used as a drug to treat severe allergic reactions and shock.

77
Q

CD4 + T lymphocyte count

A

a count of the T cells that have the CD4 receptors for the AIDS virus (HIV). A count less than 200/mcL of blood signifies severe immunodeficiency

78
Q

reticulocyte counts

A

blood counts of reticulocytes, a type of immature RBC; counts are useful in dx to indicate the rate of erythrocyte formation

79
Q

Reed-Sternberg cells

A

Giant cells that are characteristic of Hodgkins disease. They usually have two large nuclei and are surrounded by a halo

Blood and Immunity (Chapter 10) (4 decks)

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