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HUBS EXAM 3 > blood and haemodynamics > Flashcards

blood and haemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 functions of blood

A
  1. transportation- of nutrients, respiratory gases, waste products, hormones and various proteins
  2. regulation- of body temperature, fluid volume and pH balance
  3. protection- against blood loss and infection
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2
Q

what is plasma made of

A

about 90% water but contains proteins, sugars, hormones and salts

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3
Q

plasma proteins (solute of plasma)

A

made by the liver. Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein. they help keep water in the plasma by creating an osmotic pressure that pulls water.

  • transportation of various molecules
  • buffering of acids and other potentially toxic compounds
  • facilitating haemostasis (blood clotting)
  • facilitating immune protection
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4
Q

how much blood does the adult body have

A

5L of blood

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5
Q

what is blood composed of

A

cells referred to as formed elements and extracellular matrix called plasma. the formed elements are suspended in the plasma

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6
Q

nutrients (solute of plasma)

A
  • the digestion of food and drink lead to the absorption of macronutrients, vitamins and minerals into the plasma from the GI tract.
  • the macronutrients are sugars, amino acids and fatty acids.
  • The plasma transports the nutrients and vitamins around the body until they are picked up by body cells as needed
  • the plasma maintains a stock of macronutrients so there are always some floating around the blood
  • levels of nutrients are maintained within homeostatic limits under the influence of hormones
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7
Q

electrolytes (solute of plasma)

A
  • charged solutes found in all body fluids
  • the most abundant in the plasma is sodium and it contributes the most to blood osmolarity
  • the regulation of sodium levels in the blood is crucial to maintaining the balance of all body fluids
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8
Q

respiratory gases (solute of plasma)

A
  • the respiratory gases are oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • carbon dioxide is considered a waste product of cellular respiration
  • red blood cells transport the majority of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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9
Q

hormones (solute of plasma)

A
  • hormones are released into the blood from their endocrine glands
  • dissolve in plasma and bind to their specific receptors to instigate cellular activity
  • a cellular messenger used for the maintenance of homeostasis
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10
Q

waste/ by products of cellular metabolism (solute of plasma)

A
  • cellular metabolism produces lots of waste and by products that are transported through the blood until they can be off loaded from the body
  • these are carbon dioxide, metabolic acids such as urea and creatine and products of cellular breakdown
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11
Q

what are the 3 formed elements (blood cells) in the body

A

erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets)

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12
Q

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

A
  • contains haemoglobin
  • lacking most organelles
  • live for 120 days
  • no nucleus
  • give blood the colour
  • carry oxygen to other cells in the body and take away carbon dioxide
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13
Q

leukocytes (white blood cells)

A
  • body’s defence system
  • fight infection from bacteria
  • contains nuclei
  • contains cellular organelles
  • five cell types divided into 2 groups based on the presence or absence of granules (storage vesicles) in their cytoplasm
  • live from minutes to years
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14
Q

thrombocytes (platelets

A
  • actually a cell fragment
  • live up to two weeks
  • plug holes in vessel walls to make blood clots and stop bleeding
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15
Q

what is the process of haematopoiesis

A

the process of cell formation. all blood cells (formed elements) originate from a common haematopoietic stem cell that undergoes cell division to generate more stem cells and daughter cells. The daughter cells will then undergo a series of cell divisions and differentiation to produce the range of blood cells that enter blood circulation. Haematopoiesis occurs within red bone marrow on a continuous basis.

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16
Q

what is the general structure and function of erythrocytes (red blood cells)

A
  • they are biconcave, disc shaped cells
  • they have no nucleus and lack most other cellular organelles
  • they are packed full of a protein called haemoglobin and other structural proteins.
  • haemoglobin binds oxygen and carbon dioxide for transportation through the blood
  • they are able to flex and change their shape to fit through narrow blood vessels
  • they are the main contributor to blood thickness
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17
Q

how many oxygen molecules can each haemoglobin protein carry

A

4

18
Q

what is haemoglobin made of

A

red haem pigments bound to the protein globin. The globin consists of four polypeptide chains:
- 2 alpha chains
- 2 beta chains
each polypeptide chain binds one haem pigment, each of which contains a single iron atom at its center, capable of binding one oxygen molecule

19
Q

erythropoiesis and erythrocytes (red blood cells) life cycle

A

erythropoiesis is the haematopoietic process that produces RBCs.
RBCs need to be continuously replaces because they dont have a nucleus and only live for 120 days.
RBCs are produced from daughter cells of myeloid stem cells when stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO). EPO is released from kidneys and maintains the basal rate of RBC production but if blood oxygen levels drop then more EPO is released to stimulate an increase in the rate of erythropoiesis. it takes 5 days for the RBC to mature.
the production of RBCs required all of the macronutrients, they live for 120 days in circulation and are then broken down by macrophages. some of the breakdown products of the RBCs will be recycled into new RBCs and some will be eliminated from the body.

20
Q

the breakdown process of red blood cells

A
  1. the haem pigments are separated from the globin polypeptide chains
  2. globin proteins are broken down into amino acids which are released back into blood circulation
  3. the iron atoms are removed from the haem pigments and stored or released to circulate in blood bound to the plasma protein transferrin
  4. the remainder of the haem pigment is degraded into bilirubin which will undergo a metabolic process for elimination from the body via the liver
21
Q

neutrophils (white blood cell- granulocyte)

A

digest/ destroy bacteria and some fungi and viruses

the most abundant white blood cell

22
Q

eosinophils (white blood cell- granulocyte)

A

attack parasitic worms and involved in allergic and asthmatic reactions

23
Q

T lymphocytes (white blood cell- agranulocyte)

A

attack and destory viral infected body cells and tumour cells

24
Q

basophils (white blood cell- granulocyte)

A

stimulate vasodilation and attract other WBCs to areas of infection and inflammation

25
Q

B lymphocytes (white blood cell- agranulocyte)

A

produce antibodies which identify and mark foreign antigens for destruction

26
Q

monocytes (white blood cells- agranulocyte)

A

digest and destory infectious microbes, foreign antigens, cellular debris and dead/ dysfunctional cells. they regularly leave the bloodstream and are called macrophages.

27
Q

what is the function of thrombocytes (platelets)

A

they are fragments of a much larger cell called a megakaaryocyte. they are part of the process of haemostasis (blood clotting) that occurs when blood vessel walls are damaged. platelets are always in circulation, available for haemostasis but are in an inactive form. when the blood vessel wall is damaged, collagen fibers are exposed which stimulate the activation of platelets, making them sticky. the platelets are then able to stick to the damaged blood vessel wall and to each other to form a plug that can temporarily stop blood loss from the damaged site. this is a positive feedback cycle as the activation of a few platelets stimulate more and more until the blood clot forms.

28
Q

what is haemostasis

A

it is the process of blood clotting to prevent blood loss when blood vessel walls have been damaged/ ruptured

29
Q

what are the 3 phases of haemostasis

A
  1. vascular spasm (vasoconstriction)- blood vessel constricts (smooth muscle contracts) to reduce blood loss though a tear
  2. platelet plug formation- platelets are activated and become sticky, sticking to the torn vessel which stimulates more and more platelets to stick to the tear and each other, forming a plug across the torn vessel
  3. coagulation- the activation of clotting factors resulting in the conversion of soluble plasma proteins into insoluble fivers and happens in 3 phases
30
Q

ignore

A

ignore

31
Q

what happens in the first stage of coagulation (two pathways to prothrombin)

A

2 common pathways that lead to the production of prothrombin activator via activation of clotting cascade. both pathways require the presence of calcium.

  • intrinsic pathway- platelets adhere to exposed collagen fibers stimulating the release of platelet factor 3
  • extrinsic pathway- blood is exposed to tissue factor (TF) which activates some clotting factors
32
Q

what happens in the second stage of coagulation (common pathway to thrombin)

A

prothrombin activator converts the plasma protein prothrombin into thrombin

33
Q

what happens in the third stage of coagulation (common pathway to fibrin mesh)

A

thrombin converts the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin molecules join together to form long insoluble fibre strands that reinforce the platelet plug

34
Q

integrate the process of clot retraction, blood vessel healing and clot degradation

A
  • when a blood clot forms, the clot retracts and the edges pull together.
  • when the clot is formed, tissue healing begins and platelets and endothelial cells work to make new cells until all of the damaged ones are replaced and the vessel wall is healed.
  • the blood clot is not needed now and is broken down and removed in the process known as fibrinolysis
35
Q

what are antibodies

A

they identify and collect foreign material

36
Q

blood group A

A

A antigen present on RBCs and anti B antibodies produced

37
Q

blood group B

A

B antigen present on RBCs and anti A antibodies produced

38
Q

blood type AB

A

both A and B antigen present on RBCs and no antibodies produced which makes them universal recipients

39
Q

blood type O

A

no antigens present on RBCs and both anti A and anti B antibodies produced

40
Q

Rh blood group

A

there are 52 antigens, referred to as Rh factors. D antigen is the most common factor.
RBCs either have Rh factor or not. the D antigen will either exist on the RBCs or be absent to give the following Rh blood types
- Rh positive- D antigen present on RBCs
- Rh negative- D antigen absent on RBCs

41
Q

how are blood groups established

A

based on the presence or absence of antigens on the RBCs. the two most common blood groups are ABO and Rh

42
Q

ABO blood group

A

there are 2 antigens within the ABO group- A antigen and B antigen. RBCs have either of these, both or neither resulting in 4 possible blood types

HUBS EXAM 3 (9 decks)

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