Blood And Body Fluids Flashcards
What are the factors affecting the distribution of body fluids?
Age Sex Degree of fatness Diseases such as edema Electrolyte distribution Fluid intake and loss Hormones such as adh and aldosterone Pregnancy Protein concentration
What is the volume of body water in a 70kg man?
TBW makes up 60% of body weight and it is 42 liters
With ICF making 40% abs ECF being 20%
What are the functions of body fluids?
Provide an environment for the cells Maintains the shape of the cells and general body shape Provides a medium for metabolic reaction Transporters Acts as a body coolant
What are characteristics of materials used in measurement?
It must be specific for the compartment being measured
It must mix evenly
It must produce no fluid dynamic effect
It must be easy to measure
It must remain unchanged during the period or the amount that is changed should be known
What are the materials that can be used to measure Total body water?
Deuterium dioxide
Tritium oxide
Aminopyrine
what are the characteristics of a material used in measuring body fluids
Must be specific for that compartment
Mix evenly in the compartment
Produce no Fluid dynamic effect
Remain unchanged during the period or amount changed known
Easy to measure
should not be metabolised by the body, even if metabolised, the amount metabolised should be accounted for
what are the materials used to measure total body water?
deuterium oxide
tritium oxide
aminopyrine
what are the materials used to measure ECF
radioisotopes of Na, Cl
inulin
raffinose
what are the materials used to measure plasma
evans blue
iodinated albumin
what are the factors that can lead to increased capillary permeability?
substance p
histamine
bradykinin
what percent does the blood make up in a 70kg man?
7-8%
what are the requirements of erythropoeisis?
iron erythropoietin vit b12 folic acid amino acids lipids
how many amino acids does erythropoietin have?
165
what is the half life of erythropoietin?
5 hours
what stimulates the release of erythropoeitin?
hypoxia
whats the average RBC count?
average is 5 million/mm3
male 4.5-6million/mm3
female 4.3-4.5 million/mm3
at what conc is hemolysis 100%?
0.35% normal saline because it is hypotonic to plasma
what is the HB conc in males and females respectively?
males 16g/dL(hematocrit 47%)
females 14g/dL (hematocrit 42%)
what are the homeostatic functions of blood?
helps to maintain interstitial fluid compartment, regulates body pH and temp, protects against infection and it is involved in blood clotting
what is rate of sedimentation of RBCs in new borns, males and females respectively?
2mm/hr
3-7mm/hr
3-15mm/hr
iron is absorbed from the ………….. part of the small intestine and its transport is ………….. faster in the ……state than in the ………. state
first
3 times
ferrous (2+)
ferric (3+)
whats the daily requirement of iron in men and women?
men and women 0.5mg
menstruating women require about 2mg
where does the absorption of vitb12 take place?
terminal ileum
the pathology seen in vit B12 deficiency is known as
pernicious anemia
how many O2 molecules can HB carry?
4
how many aa do the polypeptides of hemoglobin have?
The chains that are available are ;
α-chain : which has 141 amino acids
β- chain : which has 146 amino acids
δ and Y- chain : which has 146 amino acids;
Thus Hemoglobin A (α2 β2), Hemoglobin A2 (α2 β2 97%, α2 δ2 2.5%), Hemoglobin F (α2 γ2)
What are the diseases associated abnormal hemoglobin?
Thalassemia- easily ruptured RBCs
Sickle cell hemoglobin
What’s the defect in sickle cell disease?
It has hemoglobin s in which there is a substitution of valine for glutamic acid at position 6
What is the normal bilirubin conc in plasma
0.3-1.0mg/dL
Jaundice is caused by
Bilirubin conc in plasma >1.0mg/dL and hemolyses of blood of 300-500mLs per day
What are the causes of jaundice?
Excessive hemolysis of RBCs
Infection of liver cells
Obstruction of bile duct
What are the types of anemia?
Sickle cell a Aplastic a Pernicious a Iron deficient/microcytic a Hemolytic a
What are the factors affecting the erythrocyte sedimentation rate?
Shape of cells
Conc of plasma proteins
Infection
Density of plasma
What is the conc of lymphocytes, what percentage of wbc do they make and what’s their half life?
1500-4000/mm3 of blood
20-40%
Half life is 200 days
What are the factors that prevent coagulation?
Liver disease Vit K abnormalities Aspirin Calcium Chelators Low platelet count
How does apyrase prevent clotting?
Inhibits platelet aggregation through the hydrolysis of ADP
Note: Apyrase (EC 3.6. 1.5, ATP-diphosphatase, adenosine diphosphatase, ADPase, ATP diphosphohydrolase) is a calcium-activated plasma membrane-bound enzyme (magnesium can also activate it) (EC 3.6. 1.5) that catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and inorganic phosphate.
What are the types of hemophilia we have?
Hemophilia A (genetic deficiency of antihemophilic factor/factor 8)
Hemophilia B (genetic deficiency of factor 9/Christmas factor)
Hemophilia C (deficiency of factor 11/plasma thromboplastin antecedent)
In how many percent of the population is the Rhesus factor present?
85%
What are the cofactors in the coagulation cascade?
Factors 5 and 8
