Blood And Body Fluids

Question 1

What are the factors affecting the distribution of body fluids?

Answer 1

Age
Sex
Degree of fatness
Diseases such as edema 
Electrolyte distribution
Fluid intake and loss
Hormones such as adh and aldosterone 
Pregnancy 
Protein concentration

Question 2

What is the volume of body water in a 70kg man?

Answer 2

TBW makes up 60% of body weight and it is 42 liters

With ICF making 40% abs ECF being 20%

Question 3

What are the functions of body fluids?

Answer 3

Provide an environment for the cells
Maintains the shape of the cells and general body shape
Provides a medium for metabolic reaction
Transporters
Acts as a body coolant

Question 4

What are characteristics of materials used in measurement?

Answer 4

It must be specific for the compartment being measured
It must mix evenly
It must produce no fluid dynamic effect
It must be easy to measure
It must remain unchanged during the period or the amount that is changed should be known

Question 5

What are the materials that can be used to measure Total body water?

Answer 5

Deuterium dioxide
Tritium oxide
Aminopyrine

Question 6

what are the characteristics of a material used in measuring body fluids

Answer 6

Must be specific for that compartment

Mix evenly in the compartment
Produce no Fluid dynamic effect

Remain unchanged during the period or amount changed known

Easy to measure
should not be metabolised by the body, even if metabolised, the amount metabolised should be accounted for

Question 7

what are the materials used to measure total body water?

Answer 7

deuterium oxide
tritium oxide
aminopyrine

Question 8

what are the materials used to measure ECF

Answer 8

radioisotopes of Na, Cl
inulin
raffinose

Question 9

what are the materials used to measure plasma

Answer 9

evans blue

iodinated albumin

Question 10

what are the factors that can lead to increased capillary permeability?

Answer 10

substance p
histamine
bradykinin

Question 11

what percent does the blood make up in a 70kg man?

Answer 11

7-8%

Question 12

what are the requirements of erythropoeisis?

Answer 12

iron
erythropoietin
vit b12
folic acid
amino acids 
lipids

Question 13

how many amino acids does erythropoietin have?

Answer 13

165

Question 14

what is the half life of erythropoietin?

Answer 14

5 hours

Question 15

what stimulates the release of erythropoeitin?

Answer 15

hypoxia

Question 16

whats the average RBC count?

Answer 16

average is 5 million/mm3
male 4.5-6million/mm3
female 4.3-4.5 million/mm3

Question 17

at what conc is hemolysis 100%?

Answer 17

0.35% normal saline because it is hypotonic to plasma

Question 18

what is the HB conc in males and females respectively?

Answer 18

males 16g/dL(hematocrit 47%)

females 14g/dL (hematocrit 42%)

Question 19

what are the homeostatic functions of blood?

Answer 19

helps to maintain interstitial fluid compartment, regulates body pH and temp, protects against infection and it is involved in blood clotting

Question 20

what is rate of sedimentation of RBCs in new borns, males and females respectively?

Answer 20

2mm/hr
3-7mm/hr
3-15mm/hr

Question 21

iron is absorbed from the ………….. part of the small intestine and its transport is ………….. faster in the ……state than in the ………. state

Answer 21

first
3 times
ferrous (2+)
ferric (3+)

Question 22

whats the daily requirement of iron in men and women?

Answer 22

men and women 0.5mg

menstruating women require about 2mg

Question 23

where does the absorption of vitb12 take place?

Answer 23

terminal ileum

Question 24

the pathology seen in vit B12 deficiency is known as

Answer 24

pernicious anemia

Question 25

how many O2 molecules can HB carry?

Answer 25

4

Question 26

how many aa do the polypeptides of hemoglobin have?

Answer 26

The chains that are available are ; α-chain : which has 141 amino acids β- chain : which has 146 amino acids δ and Y- chain : which has 146 amino acids; Thus Hemoglobin A (α2 β2), Hemoglobin A2 (α2 β2 97%, α2 δ2 2.5%), Hemoglobin F (α2 γ2)

Question 27

What are the diseases associated abnormal hemoglobin?

Answer 27

Thalassemia- easily ruptured RBCs | Sickle cell hemoglobin

Question 28

What’s the defect in sickle cell disease?

Answer 28

It has hemoglobin s in which there is a substitution of valine for glutamic acid at position 6

Question 29

What is the normal bilirubin conc in plasma

Answer 29

0.3-1.0mg/dL

Question 30

Jaundice is caused by

Answer 30

Bilirubin conc in plasma >1.0mg/dL and hemolyses of blood of 300-500mLs per day

Question 31

What are the causes of jaundice?

Answer 31

Excessive hemolysis of RBCs Infection of liver cells Obstruction of bile duct

Question 32

What are the types of anemia?

Answer 32

``` Sickle cell a Aplastic a Pernicious a Iron deficient/microcytic a Hemolytic a ```

Question 33

What are the factors affecting the erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

Answer 33

Shape of cells Conc of plasma proteins Infection Density of plasma

Question 34

What is the conc of lymphocytes, what percentage of wbc do they make and what’s their half life?

Answer 34

1500-4000/mm3 of blood 20-40% Half life is 200 days

Question 35

What are the factors that prevent coagulation?

Answer 35

``` Liver disease Vit K abnormalities Aspirin Calcium Chelators Low platelet count ```

Question 36

How does apyrase prevent clotting?

Answer 36

Inhibits platelet aggregation through the hydrolysis of ADP Note: Apyrase (EC 3.6. 1.5, ATP-diphosphatase, adenosine diphosphatase, ADPase, ATP diphosphohydrolase) is a calcium-activated plasma membrane-bound enzyme (magnesium can also activate it) (EC 3.6. 1.5) that catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and inorganic phosphate.

Question 37

What are the types of hemophilia we have?

Answer 37

Hemophilia A (genetic deficiency of antihemophilic factor/factor 8) Hemophilia B (genetic deficiency of factor 9/Christmas factor) Hemophilia C (deficiency of factor 11/plasma thromboplastin antecedent)

Question 38

In how many percent of the population is the Rhesus factor present?

Answer 38

85%

Question 39

What are the cofactors in the coagulation cascade?

Answer 39

Factors 5 and 8