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FunMed > Blood - An Intro to Clinical Use > Flashcards

Blood - An Intro to Clinical Use Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of biological substances contained in blood?

A

Ions, proteins, fats, respiratory gases, hormones, cells

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2
Q

What are 3 functions of blood?

A

Immunological, haemostasis/clotting, regulation of body temperature

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3
Q

What are the 3 components of blood and what percentage of total blood is each?

A

Plasma - 55%
Buffy coat (leukocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets)) - <1%
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) - 45%

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4
Q

What is average blood volume of 70kg man?

A

5.5L

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5
Q

What percentage of plasma is water?

A

95%

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6
Q

What are the components of blood plasma?

A

Water
Proteins (main one is albumin)
Small organic molecules (e.g. glucose)
Mineral ions (e.g. sodium, chloride)
Hormones
Excretory products (e.g. carbon dioxide, largely transported as bicarbonate in plasma)
Blood cells (e.g. red blood cells contain haemoglobin which transports oxygen)

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7
Q

What is an example of plasma homeostasis?

A

Fluid-electrolyte balance

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8
Q

What is the concentration of sodium in the plasma?

A

133-146 mmol/L

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9
Q

What is an example of a situation where a substance that may be present in varying concentrations as it is added or removed from the plasma?

A

Absorption of glucose into the gut

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10
Q

What organs may have conditions that disturb the balance in the plasma?

A

Kidney, lungs, liver

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11
Q

What are platelets?

A

Formed elements consisting of membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm
Involved in clotting response to seal leaks in damaged or broken blood vessels

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12
Q

What are the 5 types of white blood cells?

A

Monocytes - phagocytes similar to the free macrophages in other tissues
Lymphocytes - uncommon in blood but dominant cell type in lymph
Eosinophils and neutrophils - phagocytes
Basophils - promote inflammation much like mast cells in other tissues

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13
Q

What is a complete blood count?

A

Test that counts the cells that make up your blood

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14
Q

What are the normal white cell/leukocyte counts?

A 
White cell/leukocyte (3.8 – 10.0 x 10-9/L) 
WITH
Neutrophils (2.0–7.5 x 10-9/L)  
Lymphocytes (1.1–3.3 x 10-9/L)  
Monocytes (0.2-1.0 x 10-9/L)  
Eosinophils (0–0.4 x 10-9/L)  
Basophils (0-0.1 x 10-9/L)
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15
Q

What could a raised leukocyte count indicate?

A

Inflammation or infection

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16
Q

Blood tests contribute to what percentage of clinical diagnoses?

A

60-70%

17
Q

What are 3 ways that blood tests can be used?

A

Helping to diagnose a condition, assessing the health of certain organs or screening for some genetic conditions.

18
Q

What must be considered when interpreting a blood test?

A

The patient’s personal circumstances, past medical history, current medication and the results of any other investigations

19
Q

What are 15 examples of blood tests?

A 
Blood cholesterol test 
Blood culture 
Blood gases test 
Blood glucose (blood sugar) tests 
Blood typing 
Cancer blood tests 
Chromosome testing (karyotyping) 
Coagulation tests 
C-reactive protein (CRP) test 
Electrolyte test 
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 
Full blood count (FBC) 
Genetic testing and screening 
Liver function test 
Thyroid function test
20
Q

What are 3 examples of blood glucose tests?

A
  • fasting glucose test –the level of glucose in blood is checked after fasting (not eating or drinking anything other than water) for at least 8 hours
  • glucose tolerance test – the level of glucose in your blood is checked after fasting, and again 2 hours later after being given a glucose drink
  • Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) test – as a measure of the average blood sugar level over the past 3 months
21
Q

What is a blood gases test used to assess?

A

Levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as balance of acid and alkali in blood

22
Q

How is a blood gases sample obtained?

A

Taken from an artery, usually at the wrist

Likely to be painful and only carried out in hospital

23
Q

What is one of the most commonly requested blood tests?

A

Full blood count

24
Q

What does a peripheral blood smear/blood film evaluate?

A

White blood cells, red blood cells and platelets

25
Q

How is a blood film produced?

A

Single drop of blood spread in thin layer across glass slide, dried, then stained with special dye

26
Q

What is a blood film?

A

A blood film is a snapshot of the cells that are present in the blood at the time that the sample is obtained

27
Q

What can be measured, and what can be estimated, by a blood film?

A

The size, shape and colour (indicators of haemoglobin content) of the RBCs and WBCs can be measured and the number of platelets estimated

28
Q

When is a blood culture used?

A

When an infection is suspected

29
Q

What does a blood culture test for?

A

Presence of pathogens (e.g. bacteria)

30
Q

What does a blood culture involve?

A

Taking a small sample of blood from (for example) a vein in the arm

31
Q

How are blood cultures analysed?

A

The samples are analysed in the laboratory by incubation (e.g. on plates containing nutrients) for detection of specific microorganisms.
Blood culture bottles are usually received as a pair; one aerobic and one anaerobic bottle, making a blood culture set.

32
Q

Which parameters in any test will determine the likelihood or false negatives and false positives?

A

Specificity and sensitivity

33
Q

What 4 sources are critical to the diagnostic process?

A

Patient interview
Physical exam
Medical history
Medical tests

34
Q

What is a reference range?

A

Test results are commonly interpreted against population-based reference (normal) intervals – usually provided as part of a laboratory report
Ranges will often represent the values found in 95% of individuals in the chosen ‘reference’ group
In other words, even in a “normal” population, a test result will lie outside the reference range in 5% of cases (1 in 20)
This is why the term “reference range” is preferred over “normal range”

35
Q

How do haemoglobin levels differ between men and women?

A

Women have means levels approximately 12% lower than men
Male = 130-175 g/L
Female = 115-150 g/L

36
Q

How do haemoglobin levels differ between male and female children?

A

Haemoglobin levels are identical in male and female infants and childhood – differences only begin to emerge in adolescence, probably due to hormonal differences

FunMed (11 decks)

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