Blood Administration Flashcards
What is Plasma primarily made up of?
90% water
- Plasma constitutes about 55% of blood volume
What are the three major types of blood antigens?
- A
- B
- Rh
What would happen if an individual with Rh- blood were to be exposed to Rh+ blood?
the persons body would produce antibodies to the antigens
What would happen if an individual with Rh+ blood were to be exposed to Rh- blood?
Nothing
What is the Universal Blood Donor?
O Negative (Rh-)
What is the Universal Blood Recipient?
AB Positive (Rh+)
What is Type A Blood composed of?
RBC (erythrocytes) with type A surface antigens, and Plasma containing type B antibodies.
Attack anything with B.
What is Type B Blood composed of?
RBC (erythrocytes) with type B surface antigens, and Plasma containing type A antibodies.
Attack anything with A.
What is Type AB Blood composed of?
RBC (erythrocytes) with type A and B surface antigens, and the Plasma have no ABO antibodies.
Dosen’t attack anything.
What is Type O Blood composed of?
RBC (erythrocytes) with neither A or B surface antigens, but contains both A and B Plasma antibodies.
Attacks A & B.
What is Blood Typing?
The process of classifying individuals based on the antigens on their erythrocytes.
What is the difference between a Type and Cross & Type and Screen?
Type and Cross - Specific unit of blood for a specific person
Type and Screen - Test for ABO Type (less specific)
What does Whole Blood consist of?
- RBC
- Plasma
- WBC
- Platelets
EVERYTHING
How should Whole Blood and Packed Red Blood Cells be infused?
25 -50 mL in the first 15 minutes
What is the only reason for Whole Blood administration?
Only given for Hemorrhagic Shock or Severely anemic patients.
Why should patients who are receiving large volume amounts of whole blood be monitored?
Large volume amounts of whole blood can lead to HYPOCALCEMIA, because the citric acid in whole blood binds to calcium.
How long can blood be out warming to room temperature before it can no longer be sent back to the blood bank?
30 minutes
What is another name for WBC’s? and what do they do?
Leukocytes
- Responsible for protecting the body from invasion of foreign substances
What is another name for Platelets? and what do they do?
Thrombocytes
- Assist with blood clotting or the coagulation process
What does Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBC) consist of?
- RBC
It will not supply Platelets, clotting factors, WBC’s, or Plasma
When is PRBC indicated for administration?
Hypovolemia leading to Hypoxia
What is Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) consist of?
- Plasma
- All Coagulation Factors
How should FFP be administered?
As fast as the patient tolerates
- 4-10 ml/min
not to exceed 2 hours
Should be given within 6 hours of thawing
When is FFP indicated for administration?
- Active Bleeding
- Documented Coagulation factor deficiencies
Which types of blood products cause hypocalcemia?
- Whole Blood
- Packed Red Blood Cells
- Fresh Frozen Plasma
What is Cryoprecipitate consist of?
- Fibrinogen
- Factors VIII and XIII
- vonWillebrand Factor
Clotting Factors
When is Cryoprecipitate indicated for administration?
- Treat patients with hemophilia A
- Supply clotting factors
How is Cryoprecipitate administered?
1 mL/ min
not to exceed 4 hours
What is the smallest IV catheter that can be used for blood administration?
20 gauge
Large bore needle is prefered
True or False
Should a Physician be contacted if the patent has a temperature greater than 38 degrees Celsius after blood infusion?
True
How often should the blood administration set be changed out?
Every 4 hours or 2 units of blood
What will occur if blood is hung with Lactated Ringers?
Calcium in the solution may cause small blood clots
Why should dextrose solutions never be used with blood?
May cause cell hemolysis
What should blood be warmed to for administration?
Between 32 - 37 degrees Celsius
What is the first thing a medical provider should do if a patient develops a transfusion reaction?
Stop the transfusion
Can Medications be added to the blood Bag or IV tubing?
No
How long after a blood transfusion can reactions result?
14 days
- Result in INCREASED heart rate and body temperature
How can someone get Ammonia Intoxication?
Administration of Older Blood
What is 2,3 - DPG?
The “crowbar” that forces oxygen off of the Hemoglobin
What are the complications with massive blood transfusions?
1) Ammonia Intoxication - Old blood
2) Thrombocytopenia - low blood platelet count
3) Coagulation Factor Depletion - Lead to DIC
4) Hypocalcemia
5) Hyperkalemia- caused by hemolysis of stored blood
6) Acid / Base Disturbances
7) Oxygen affinity changes
8) Hypothermia
9) ARDS
Where are RBC’s produced?
Bone Marrow
