Basic Lab Data Flashcards
________ is the probability that a test will be negative in the absence of a disease.
Specificity
________ is the probability that the test will be positive in the presence of a disease.
Sensitivity
What is the Acid - Base balance conversion between HCO3 and CO2?
H + HCO3 H2CO3 H20 + CO2
What are the 2 main organs that help regulate acid - base imbalances?
Lungs - regulating the amount of CO2 present
Kidneys - regulate the amount of HCO3 excreted
Describe Uncompensated respiratory acidosis & alkalosis?
Acidosis: (Hypoventilation)
Decrease in pH
Increase in PaCO2
No Change in HCO3
Alkalosis: (Hyperventilation)
Increase in pH
Decrease in PaCO2
No Change in HCO3
Inverse Relationship
Describe Uncompensated metabolic acidosis & alkalosis?
Acidosis:
Decrease in pH
No Change in PaCO2
Decrease in HCO3
Alkalosis:
Increase in pH
No Change in PaCO2
Increase in HCO3
Similar Relationship
Describe the Anion Gap?
The Anion Gap is the measure of Cations + (Na and K) in relation to number of Anions - (Cl and HCO3), in the extra cellular space. (In relation to metabolic acidosis)
Anion Gap = (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3)
(Law of Conservation of Change)
What is the Normal Range of the Anion Gap?
8 - 16 mEq/L
What is the Normal Range of pH?
7.35 - 7.45
What is the Normal Range of Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (PaCO2)?
35 - 45 mmHg
What is the Normal Range of Serum Bicarbonate (HCO3)?
22-26 mEq/L
What is Base Excess? and what is the normal values?
Base Excess is the amount of base required to titrate the pH of one liter of blood to normal pH.
+3 to -3 mmol/L
What is the Normal Range of Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PaO2)?
80 - 100 mmHg
What is the Normal Range of Oxygen Saturation (SaO2)?
90 - 100%
What is the “Golden Rules” of ABG analysis?
1) For every 10 mmHg change in CO2, the pH will change 0.08 in the opposite direction
2) With every change in Bicarb of 10 mEq, the pH will change 0.15 in the same direction
What is the sequence of ABG Interpretation?
1) Check the pH
2) Check the PaCO2
3) Check the HCO3
4) Check the PaO2
5) Assess Anion Gap
Describe ABG Seesaw and ABG Elevator?
ABG Seesaw (Respiratory): - When pH goes one way and PaCO2 goes the opposite way
ABG Elevator (Metabolic): - When pH goes one way and HCO3 goes the same way
Describe a “Left Shift” (Alkalosis) and what can cause it?
Left Shift is seen as an increase in the number of neutrophil bands.
Causes:
- Decrease Temperature
- Hypoxia
- Acute Infections
What does a Complete Blood Count (CBC) entail?
- White blood count
- White blood cell differential
- Red blood cell count
- Hemoglobin and hematocrit
- Platelet Count
What are all the white blood cells that are measured in a (WBC)?
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
What is the Normal Range of White Blood Cells (WBC)?
4,500 - 10,000 white blood cells per microliter
What is the difference between Lymphocyte “B” type cells and Lymphocyte “T” type cells?
Lymphocyte “B” type are produced in the bone an mature there and Lymphocyte “T” are produced in the bone by mature in the thymus.
What is Hemoglobin (Hgb) and what is the normal range?
Hemoglobin measures the globular oxygen carrying protein.
Normal Average is: 15 g/dL
What is a Hematocrit (Hct) and what is the normal range?
Hematocrit measures the volume of RBC’s found in 100 mL of blood.
Normal Average is: 45%
Describe the Rule of 3 for RBC, Hemoglobin, and Hematocrit.
RBC = 5; Hemoglobin = 15; Hematocrit = 45.
Each x 3
What is the Normal Range of Red Cell Indices (mean corpuscular volume) (MCV)?
The volume occupied by a single red blood cell
Normal Range: 78 - 100 um^3
What is the Normal Range of Serum Osmolality?
Measures the amount of chemicals that are dissolved in the serum of the blood.
282 - 295 mOsm
Serum Test
Describe Prothrombin Time (PT) and what the normal values are?
PT measures the effectiveness of Coumadin-type anticoagulants.
11.2 -13.2 seconds
Coagulation Test
Describe International Normalized Ratio (INR) and what the normal values are?
Compares PT to standardized control for effectiveness of Coumadin.
- If not on coagulation therapy (the control and PT are equal) resulting in an INR of 1.
- Persons on Coumadin a INR of 1.5 - 2.5.
Coagulation Test (Better Test than PT)
Describe the Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) and what the normal values are?
Used to monitor Heparin therapy
22.1 -34.1 seconds
Coagulation Test
Describe D-dimer assay and what the normal values are?
Measures degradation products of cross-linked fibrin created during fibrinolysis. (Rule out Blood Clots)
less than 1 mcg/mL, or less than 500 mcg/L
Describe Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) test and what the normal values are?
BUN is a metabolic byproduct created from the breakdown of blood, muscle, and protein.
7 - 21 mg/dL
Renal Function Test (Hydration)
Describe Creatinine (Cr) and what the normal values are?
Creatinine is a waste product of protein metabolism found in urine
0.6 - 1.4 mg/dL
Renal Function Test
Describe the BUN / Creatinine Ratio?
Evaluates renal function
Normal values are 10:1
Describe Uric Acid and what the normal values are?
Uric Acid is a crystalline product of nitrogen excretion.
2 - 8mg/dL
What is the Normal Range of Glucose (Glu)?
60 - 89 mg/dL
What is the Normal Range of Sodium (Na)?
135 - 145 mEq/L
What is the Normal Range of Potassium (K)?
3.5 - 5 mEq/L
What is the Normal Range of Calcium (Ca)?
9 - 11 mg/dL
Describe Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and what the normal values are?
CPK is an isoenzyme in skeletal muscles, brain, and cardiac.
5 - 35 mcg/mL
Cardiac Biomarker test (Sensitive Test)
Describe Cardiac-Specific Troponin I (cTnl) and what the normal values are?
Troponin T and I are the contractile proteins of the myofibril
less than 0.2 - less than 1.0 ng/mL
Cardiac Biomarker test (Specific Test)
Describe Myoglobin and what the normal values are?
Myoglobin is released into circulation after any muscle injury.
9-12 mcg/mL
Sensitive Test (measures any muscle decay) late sign
Describe B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and what the normal values are?
BNP is a hormone produced by cardiac ventricles when they are stretched.
100 - 400 pg/mL
