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Introduction To ALS > Blood Administration > Flashcards

Blood Administration Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A

Transports O2 from the lungs, hormones from the endocrine glands, nutrients and fats from digestive system to cells in the body.
Transport CO2 and other waste products formed during metabolic activities of the cells to kidneys, lungs and other organs for removal from the body.
Regulates pH and electrolyte levels of the body for proper cell function
Regulates body temp
Protects from infection WBC and invasion (antibodies)

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2
Q

Composition of blood

A

55% plasma
45% formed elements

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3
Q

Formed elements

A

-RBC’s
-WBC’s
-Platelets

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4
Q

Albumin

A

Aids in keeping the correct amount of water in the water in the blood

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5
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Needed for blood clotting

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6
Q

Globulins

A

Form antibodies to help protect from infection

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7
Q

Erythrocytes

A

-formed in bone marrow
-contain hemoglobin which transports O2 from the lungs to the body’s cells
-help to transport CO2 from cells to lungs for removal

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8
Q

Whites blood cells

A

Protect from invasion and infection

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9
Q

Neutrophils

A

The most aggressive
They surround and ingest invaders using lysosomes that release powerful enzymes (phagocytosis)

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10
Q

Eosinophils

A

Combat parasitic invasion and body irritants that lead to allergies

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11
Q

Basophils

A

Involved in allergic reaction by enhancing the body’s response to irritants. Also produce heparin

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12
Q

Monocytes

A

Perform the same function as neutrophils, just take longer to get there and are in larger numbers, therefore able to destroy more bacteria. Usually seen more in chronic or long term infections

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13
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Unique in the way that they do not use phagocytosis to destroy cells. Instead they form antibodies that inhibit or attach the invaders

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14
Q

Platelets

A

-thrombocytes
-change fibrinogen into fibrin

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15
Q

A blood type

A

A antigen
Anti-B antibodies

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16
Q

B blood

A

B antigen
Anti-A antibodies

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17
Q

AB blood type

A

A, B antigens
No antibodies

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18
Q

O blood

A

No antigens
Anti A and Anti B antibodies

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19
Q

What blood type in the universal recipient

A

AB, they have no antibodies so they can receive all types of blood

20
Q

What blood type are universal donors

A

O blood
They have no antigens

21
Q

What is a transfusion reaction

A

Occurs when people with Rh- blood receive Rh+ blood

22
Q

Whole blood

A

Used in transfusions or broken down into its components and used that way

23
Q

Packed RBCs

A

Used for anemia and replacement of traumatic or surgical blood loss

24
Q

Fresh frozen plasma

A

Contains all coagulation factors
Used in bleeding problems after trauma or liver transplants

25
Q

Platelets

A

Promote blood clotting and wound healing

26
Q

Albumin

A

Proteins in the blood
Used in volume replacement

27
Q

Crycoprecipate

A

Precipice recovered from thawing frozen plasma between 1 and 6 degrees

28
Q

Indications for blood admin

A

-Significant hypovolemia due to acute blood loss
Symptomatic anemia
Decreased hemoglobin
Decreased hematocrit
To increase O2 carrying ability
Decreased clotting factors

29
Q

Equipment needed for a blood transfusion

A

-Physician order
-Blood typed and screened and crossed matched
Venous access
Filtered admin set
0.9% NS
Thermometer

30
Q

What cant you mix blood with

A

D5W
LR
Medications

31
Q

What happens if you mix blood with d5W

A

Causes hemolysis

32
Q

What happens if you mix blood with LR

A

Causes clotting

33
Q

How to prepare the patient

A

-confirm order
-Check patient for
-right pt
-right blood product
-right type
-vitals
Stable IV access

34
Q

Transfusion procedure

A

Flush tubing with NS
Cover the admin filter with blood
Connect blood tubing
Piggy back onto IV line of 0.9NS
Start transfusion slowly
Monitor for reactions

35
Q

Transfusion rate

A

Initially @1ml/min
Evaluation for reactions
Monitor vitals q 5min
After 30mins adjust flow
Monitor for reactions
Monitor q 30min

36
Q

Transfusion rate for whole blood and packed RBCs

A

2-3hours
No more than 4 hours

37
Q

Transfusion rate for fresh frozen plasma

A

Less than 2 hours

38
Q

S/S of a transfusion reaction

A

Fever (2 degrees or more)
-hives, itching
-swelling, soreness or hematomas at IV site
Tachycardia
SOB
Hypotension
Anaphylaxis
Blood in urine

39
Q

Febrile reaction

A

-rare
-occurs if blood is contaminated by bacteria or virus

40
Q

Allergic reaction

A

-rare but most common
People can be allergic to the anticoagulant used in the blood as well as small fragments of WBCs
Wheezing
Sneezing
Hives
Itching
Swelling of throat

41
Q

Transfusion Related lung injury

A

-caused by a reaction to white cell fragments and certain antibodies that cannot be filtered out of the blood
Serious side effect that can result in death
SOB, drop in pressure, fever

42
Q

Transfusion Associated Circulatory overload (TACO)

A

Usually occurs in the elderly
Rapid/too much fluid admin
Similar symptoms to TRALI

43
Q

Hemolytic transfusion reaction

A

-most serious effect
Caused by incorrectly matched blood
Almost always results in death
Symptoms:
Low back pain
Fever
Chills
SOB
Hypotension
Blood in urine

44
Q

What happens in a hemolytic transfusion reaction

A

Recipients immune system will destroy transfused RBCs. These are filtered out by spleen, liver, kidneys and cause organ damage

45
Q

Treatment for a transfusion reaction

A

-stop transfusion
-check vitals
-maintain IV access
-check to make sure correct blood was given
-save remaining blood products
Notify physcian
Notify transfusion service provider

46
Q

Transfusion reaction management

A

-O2
Benadryl/epi/tylenol/lasix
Treat shock symptoms
Collect fresh blood and urine samples for the lab

Introduction To ALS (7 decks)

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