Blood

Question 1

What is blood

Answer 1

Blood is 5Ls of fluid Connective tissue composed of cells suspended in a saltwater and protein solution called blood plasma.

Question 2

What are some blood characteristics

Answer 2

Viscous
slightly warmer than core body temp,
slightly alkaline pH 7.35 - 7.45
Plasma is 91.5% water

Question 3

Hematocrit

Answer 3

The RBC mass of blood. Between 40-45% higher in males than females

Question 4

What is the protein that is required for RBC production

Answer 4

Erythropoietin testosterone stimulates it’s production in kidneys

Question 5

What cells outnumber what cells by 700:1

Answer 5

Red blood cells outnumber white blood cells

Question 6

Megakaryocytes

Answer 6

Splinter into 2000-3000 fragments while still in the bone marrow creating platelets. Many vesicles but no nucleus

Question 7

Platelets

Answer 7

Irregular disc shaped, no nucleus, outnumber WBCs, short life span 5-9 days. Have granules that contains chemicals that promotes blood clotting.

Question 8

The process by which the elements of blood develop

Answer 8

Hematopoiesis

Question 9

Pluripotent stem cells

Answer 9

The cells that RBCs come from in adults. Mature in RBM or lymphoid tissue

Question 10

Red bone marrow

Answer 10

Found only in epiphyses and flat bones in adults

Contains reticular connective tissue: reticular fibers, blood cells, sinusoids

Question 11

Sinusoids

Answer 11

Are leaky capillaries that allow RBCs in the RBM to enter the blood stream

Question 12

What regulates the differentiation and proliferation of progenitor cells

Answer 12

Hemopoietic growth factors

Question 13

Erythropoietin

Answer 13

Or EPO

Increases the number of RBC precursors

Question 14

Thrombopoietin

Answer 14

Or TPO
Stimulates formation of platelets from megakaryocytes
Produced in liver

Question 15

Cytokines

Answer 15

Small glycoproteins
Produced by cells like RBM cells
Acts as local hormones
Stimulates proliferation of progenitor cells in RBM and regulates the activities of cells involved in non-specific defenses (phagocytes) and immune responses (B-cells and T-cells)

Question 16

What are the 2 important families of cytokines that promotes WBC formation

Answer 16

Colony-stimulating factors and interleukins

Question 17

What are some characteristics of RBCs

Answer 17

Bi-concave discs
No nucleus or any protein making machinery
Will die in about 120 days
Carries O2 and CO2
Contains carbonic anhydrase

Question 18

Hemoglobin

Answer 18

Protein designed for carrying oxygen
Every RBC has 280 million molecules of Hgb
Each Hgb molecule has 4 large globin proteins 2 alpha 2 beta with an iron containing heme center
Each molecule can bind 4 O2s
Plays a role in regulating blood flow and pressure

Question 19

What is the hormone that binds to hemoglobin that increases blood flow

Answer 19

Nitric oxide

Question 20

Nitric oxide causes what

Answer 20

Vasodilation

It’s produces in the endothelial cells that line blood vessels

Question 21

Vasodilation causes what reaction

Answer 21

Increases blood diameter, improves blood flow and enhances oxygen delivery near site of NO release

Question 22

After 120 days RBCs die and are recycled, what is that process

Answer 22

They are removed from circulation
Destroyed by fixed phagocytic macrophages in spleen and liver
View RBC life cycle flow chart

Question 23

Erythropoiesis

Answer 23

Is the part of hematopoiesis that deals with the production of RBCs. Increases in times of hypoxia. Erythropoietin circulates and speeds up maturation and release of immature red blood cells.

Question 24

Immature red blood cells

Answer 24

Reticulocytes
Retain some mitochondria, ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum.
Mature into RBCs in 1-2 days

Question 25

what type of red blood cells should never been seen in blood

Answer 25

nothing more immature than retics aka proerythroblasts it indicate leukemia

Question 26

what are some Erythropoiesis abnormalities

Answer 26

Anemia: too little RBCs or hemoglobin
Polycythemia: excess number of RBCs

Question 27

what are the three types of anemias

Answer 27

Iron deficiency anemia: most common anemia in the world
Hemorrhagic anemia: precipitous blood loss
Sickle-cell anemia: autosomal recessive disorder, a genetic defect causing the RBCs to be in an improper shape

Question 28

what do WBCs have that RBCs do not

Answer 28

have a nuclei, full compliment of organelles

Question 29

another name for WBC

Answer 29

Leukocytes

Question 30

what are the two groupings of leukocytes and why

Answer 30

if they contain conspicuous chemical filled cytoplasmic granules
Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranulocytes: monocytes, lymphocytes

Question 31

Neutrophils

Answer 31

Polymorphonucleocyte, granulocyte, the most numerous WBC in the body, fight bacterial infections

Question 32

chemotaxis

Answer 32

chemicals released by inflamed tissue and microbes

Question 33

Eosinophils

Answer 33

less numerous, large granules, fight parasites associated with reduction of allergy symptoms

Question 34

Basophils

Answer 34

large granules containing histamine, have the lowest number of cells, important role in inflammatory responses

Question 35

Monocyte

Answer 35

is not a granulocyte but comes from the same precursor cell as the three granulocytes: the myeloid cell, phagocytic cell, more numerous in the peripheral tissues as “fixed” phagocytes.

Question 36

lymphocytes

Answer 36

don’t phagocytize, no granules, barely any cytoplasm. very large nucleus. responds to very specific foreign antigens. second most numerous WBC. continually moves among lymphoid tissues, lymph, and blood