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Cardiovascular System BDS1 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different blood cells?

A

red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

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2
Q

what are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

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3
Q

what are leucocytes?

A

white blood cells

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4
Q

what are thrombocytes?

A

platelets

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5
Q

what is plasma?

A

extracellular fluid

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6
Q

what is plasma made of?

A

water, electrolytes, organic molecules and plasma proteins

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7
Q

what organic molecules make up plasma?

A

glucose, fatty acids, glycerides, amino acids

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8
Q

what are the 4 plasma proteins?

A

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen and regulatory proteins

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9
Q

what is the function of albumin in plasma?

A

oncotic pressure and transport of lipids

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10
Q

what is the function of globulins in plasma?

A

transport of ions, hormones, lipids and immune functions

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11
Q

what is the function of fibrinogen in plasma?

A

key component of blood clot

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12
Q

what is the function of the regulatory proteins in plasma?

A

enzymes and hormones

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13
Q

what is the most abundant protein in plasma?

A

albumins

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14
Q

what does blood volume depend on?

A

an individuals size

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15
Q

what is the average blood volume for a male?

A

70ml/kg body weight

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16
Q

what is the average blood volume for a female?

A

60ml/kg body weight

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17
Q

what percentage of blood volume does the plasma make up?

A

55%

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18
Q

what percentage of blood volume do the blood cells make up?

A

45%

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19
Q

what is the shape of red blood cells?

A

biconcave disc shape

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20
Q

what does the shape of red blood cells allow?

A

gives large surface area relative to volume, permits rapid gas transfer across cell membrane, allows RBC to bend in narrow capillaries, enables RBC to expand to accommodate fluid in hypotonic solutions

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21
Q

where are RBCs formed?

A

in the red bone marrow

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22
Q

what is the average lifespan of a RBC?

A

120 days

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23
Q

what happens to the old RBCs?

A

they are removed from circulation and broken down by MPS system (spleen)

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24
Q

what happens to the breakdown products of RBCs?

A

they are recycled

25
Q

what does haemoglobin break down to form?

A

globin - amino acid pool

haem - iron; biliverdin and bilirubin

26
Q

what is the life cycle of bilirubin

A

it is conjugated in the liver and excreted as bile pigment

27
Q

what is erythropoeisis

A

red blood cell formation

28
Q

what are the stages of erythropoeisis?

A

proerythroblast - ERYTHROBLASTS (basophilic erythroblast - polychromatophilic erythroblast - normoblast) - reticulocyte - mature red blood cell

29
Q

what regulates erythropoeisis?

A

erythropoietin

30
Q

what happen during the development of a RBC?

A

reduction in cell size and regression of nucleus and an increase in haemoglobin content

31
Q

what nutrients does the development of RBCs require?

A

folic acid and Vitamin B12 (for reduction in cell size and regression of nucleus) and iron (for increase haemoglobin content)

32
Q

describe the events that lead to erythropoietin release

A

decreased RBC numbers - decreased oxygen delivery to cells - decreased oxygen to kidney - ERYTHROPOIETIN RELEASE - red bone marrow - increased RBC production

33
Q

what are the functions of haemoglobin?

A

transport of oxygen and transport of CO2

34
Q

what does the Hb-O2 dissociation curve show?

A

the transport of oxygen

35
Q

in what forms is carbon transported around the body?

A

carbonic anhydrase, bicarbonate production, carbamino coumpounds

36
Q

what type of protein chains is haemoglobin made of?

A

2 alpha and 2 beta

37
Q

what is a haeme group of haemoglobin made of?

A

porphyrin ring and iron atom

38
Q

how main haem groups make a haemoglobin molecule?

A

4

39
Q

what are the white blood cells?

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes

40
Q

which white blood cells are granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

41
Q

which white blood cells are agranulocytes?

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

42
Q

what is the role of neutrophils?

A

acute inflammation, phagocytic and non-specific defence

43
Q

what is the role of basophils?

A

circulating mast cells, produce heparin and histamine

44
Q

what is the role of eosinophils?

A

involved in allergic reactions, defence vs parasites

45
Q

what is the role of monocytes?

A

become macrophages, APCs

46
Q

what is the role of lymphocytes?

A

cell mediated immunity (T cells) and humoral immunity (antibody producing B cells)

47
Q

what are platelets derived from?

A

megakaryocytes

48
Q

what do platelets do?

A

involved in haemostasis, release vasoconstrictors, form platelet plug, source of phospholipid for coagulation

49
Q

what are the 2 types of antigens that erythrocytes carry on their membranes?

A

AB antigens and Rhesus (Rh antigen)

50
Q

what determines a person’s blood group?

A

the presence or absence of the AB and Rh antigens

51
Q

what antigens does a person with type A blood have?

A

anti-B

52
Q

what antigens does a person with type B blood have?

A

anti-A

53
Q

what antigens does a person with type AB blood have?

A

no antigens

54
Q

what antigens does a person with type O blood have?

A

anti-A AND anti-B

55
Q

what determines the positive/negative part of a persons blood group?

A

the rhesus antigen

56
Q

what happens if a Rh- person gets given Rh+ blood?

A

they will develop anti-Rh antibodies but they will not affect the recipient because they have no Rh- antigen

57
Q

what happens if an Rh- female conceives an Rh+ foetus?

A

some of the foetal RBCs can enter maternal circulation at birth, anti-Rh antibodies are formed and these can attack and haemolyse the RBCs of a subsequent Rh+ foetus causing haemolytic disease of the newborn

58
Q

why can group O- blood be given to anyone?

A

because it is a universal donor

59
Q

why can group AB people receive any blood?

A

it is a universal recipient

Cardiovascular System BDS1 (4 decks)

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