Blood

Question 1

what are the different blood cells?

Answer 1

red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

Question 2

what are erythrocytes?

Answer 2

red blood cells

Question 3

what are leucocytes?

Answer 3

white blood cells

Question 4

what are thrombocytes?

Answer 4

platelets

Question 5

what is plasma?

Answer 5

extracellular fluid

Question 6

what is plasma made of?

Answer 6

water, electrolytes, organic molecules and plasma proteins

Question 7

what organic molecules make up plasma?

Answer 7

glucose, fatty acids, glycerides, amino acids

Question 8

what are the 4 plasma proteins?

Answer 8

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen and regulatory proteins

Question 9

what is the function of albumin in plasma?

Answer 9

oncotic pressure and transport of lipids

Question 10

what is the function of globulins in plasma?

Answer 10

transport of ions, hormones, lipids and immune functions

Question 11

what is the function of fibrinogen in plasma?

Answer 11

key component of blood clot

Question 12

what is the function of the regulatory proteins in plasma?

Answer 12

enzymes and hormones

Question 13

what is the most abundant protein in plasma?

Answer 13

albumins

Question 14

what does blood volume depend on?

Answer 14

an individuals size

Question 15

what is the average blood volume for a male?

Answer 15

70ml/kg body weight

Question 16

what is the average blood volume for a female?

Answer 16

60ml/kg body weight

Question 17

what percentage of blood volume does the plasma make up?

Answer 17

55%

Question 18

what percentage of blood volume do the blood cells make up?

Answer 18

45%

Question 19

what is the shape of red blood cells?

Answer 19

biconcave disc shape

Question 20

what does the shape of red blood cells allow?

Answer 20

gives large surface area relative to volume, permits rapid gas transfer across cell membrane, allows RBC to bend in narrow capillaries, enables RBC to expand to accommodate fluid in hypotonic solutions

Question 21

where are RBCs formed?

Answer 21

in the red bone marrow

Question 22

what is the average lifespan of a RBC?

Answer 22

120 days

Question 23

what happens to the old RBCs?

Answer 23

they are removed from circulation and broken down by MPS system (spleen)

Question 24

what happens to the breakdown products of RBCs?

Answer 24

they are recycled

Question 25

what does haemoglobin break down to form?

Answer 25

globin - amino acid pool | haem - iron; biliverdin and bilirubin

Question 26

what is the life cycle of bilirubin

Answer 26

it is conjugated in the liver and excreted as bile pigment

Question 27

what is erythropoeisis

Answer 27

red blood cell formation

Question 28

what are the stages of erythropoeisis?

Answer 28

proerythroblast - ERYTHROBLASTS (basophilic erythroblast - polychromatophilic erythroblast - normoblast) - reticulocyte - mature red blood cell

Question 29

what regulates erythropoeisis?

Answer 29

erythropoietin

Question 30

what happen during the development of a RBC?

Answer 30

reduction in cell size and regression of nucleus and an increase in haemoglobin content

Question 31

what nutrients does the development of RBCs require?

Answer 31

folic acid and Vitamin B12 (for reduction in cell size and regression of nucleus) and iron (for increase haemoglobin content)

Question 32

describe the events that lead to erythropoietin release

Answer 32

decreased RBC numbers - decreased oxygen delivery to cells - decreased oxygen to kidney - ERYTHROPOIETIN RELEASE - red bone marrow - increased RBC production

Question 33

what are the functions of haemoglobin?

Answer 33

transport of oxygen and transport of CO2

Question 34

what does the Hb-O2 dissociation curve show?

Answer 34

the transport of oxygen

Question 35

in what forms is carbon transported around the body?

Answer 35

carbonic anhydrase, bicarbonate production, carbamino coumpounds

Question 36

what type of protein chains is haemoglobin made of?

Answer 36

2 alpha and 2 beta

Question 37

what is a haeme group of haemoglobin made of?

Answer 37

porphyrin ring and iron atom

Question 38

how main haem groups make a haemoglobin molecule?

Answer 38

4

Question 39

what are the white blood cells?

Answer 39

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 40

which white blood cells are granulocytes?

Answer 40

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Question 41

which white blood cells are agranulocytes?

Answer 41

monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 42

what is the role of neutrophils?

Answer 42

acute inflammation, phagocytic and non-specific defence

Question 43

what is the role of basophils?

Answer 43

circulating mast cells, produce heparin and histamine

Question 44

what is the role of eosinophils?

Answer 44

involved in allergic reactions, defence vs parasites

Question 45

what is the role of monocytes?

Answer 45

become macrophages, APCs

Question 46

what is the role of lymphocytes?

Answer 46

cell mediated immunity (T cells) and humoral immunity (antibody producing B cells)

Question 47

what are platelets derived from?

Answer 47

megakaryocytes

Question 48

what do platelets do?

Answer 48

involved in haemostasis, release vasoconstrictors, form platelet plug, source of phospholipid for coagulation

Question 49

what are the 2 types of antigens that erythrocytes carry on their membranes?

Answer 49

AB antigens and Rhesus (Rh antigen)

Question 50

what determines a person's blood group?

Answer 50

the presence or absence of the AB and Rh antigens

Question 51

what antigens does a person with type A blood have?

Answer 51

anti-B

Question 52

what antigens does a person with type B blood have?

Answer 52

anti-A

Question 53

what antigens does a person with type AB blood have?

Answer 53

no antigens

Question 54

what antigens does a person with type O blood have?

Answer 54

anti-A AND anti-B

Question 55

what determines the positive/negative part of a persons blood group?

Answer 55

the rhesus antigen

Question 56

what happens if a Rh- person gets given Rh+ blood?

Answer 56

they will develop anti-Rh antibodies but they will not affect the recipient because they have no Rh- antigen

Question 57

what happens if an Rh- female conceives an Rh+ foetus?

Answer 57

some of the foetal RBCs can enter maternal circulation at birth, anti-Rh antibodies are formed and these can attack and haemolyse the RBCs of a subsequent Rh+ foetus causing haemolytic disease of the newborn

Question 58

why can group O- blood be given to anyone?

Answer 58

because it is a universal donor

Question 59

why can group AB people receive any blood?

Answer 59

it is a universal recipient