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CARDIO > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components of blood?

A

Cellular compartment - 45%

Fluid compartment - 55%

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2
Q

What is plasma?

A

Blood minus cells

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3
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma minus clotting factors and fibrinogen

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4
Q

What is the pluripotent haematopoietic stem cell?

A

Haemocytoblast

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5
Q

What gives rise to platelets?

A

Megakaryocytes (cytoplasm)

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6
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

Making new blood cells and platelets

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7
Q

What hormone stimulates RBC production?

A

EPO (erythropoietin)

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8
Q

Where is EPO secreted from?

A

Kidneys

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9
Q

Where does EPO act?

A

Bone marrow

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10
Q

What stimulates the release of EPO?

A

Testosterone

Decreased O2 delivery to the kidneys

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11
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

Young RBC w/ a few ribosomes (usually in bone marrow)

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12
Q

Describe the properties of RBCs (4)

A

7.5um diameter
Anucleate
Lifespan: 120 days
Enzymes of glycolysis

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13
Q

What 3 things are required for normal RBC production?

A

Folic acid
Vit B12
Iron

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14
Q

What makes up the cellular component of blood?

A

White blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets

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15
Q

Define haematocrit

A

Volume of RBCs in the blood

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16
Q

Why is the haematocrit normal immediately after blood loss?

A

During blood loss, RBCs and plasma are lost in equal proportions

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17
Q

Why does haematocrit decrease a few hours after blood loss?

A

Intersitial fluid has been shifted into vascular space

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18
Q

What makes up adult Hb?

A

2 alpha chains

2 beta chains

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19
Q

What makes up foetal Hb?

A

2 alpha chains

2 gamma chains

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20
Q

What is the avg lifespan of a WBC?

A

6 hours

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21
Q

What is the avg lifespan of platelets?

A

7-10 days

22
Q

What hormone stimulates WBC production?

A

G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor)

23
Q

What hormone stimulates platelet production?

A

TPO (thrombopoietin)

24
Q

Why can’t RBCs repair themselves?

A

Don’t have nuclei or mitochondria

25
Q

Describe the properties of platelets? (2)

A

Discoid (plate) shaped

Anucleate

26
Q

What is sickle cell disease?

A

Genetic mutation in beta chain of Hb (glutamic acid –> valine)

27
Q

Sickle cell disease can cause what problems? (4)

A

@ low oxygen levels, they become sickle-shaped
Anaemia (sickle cells break + die prematurely)
Jaundice
Crisis: inflammation, capillary occlusion

28
Q

How can you prevent sickle cell disease crisis?

A

Hydroxyurea –> increases production of foetal Hb which doesn’t have the problematic beta chain

29
Q

What is it called when someone has low levels of Hb?

A

Anaemia

30
Q

What is it called when someone has high levels of Hb?

A

Polycythaemia

31
Q

Name the 5 main causes of anaemia

A
  • iron deficiency
  • folate deficiency
  • B12 deficiency
  • bone marrow failure
  • haemolysis
32
Q

What causes iron deficiency?

A
  • not enough in diet

- bleeding (GI/ menstrual)

33
Q

What causes B12 deficiency?

A
  • Pernicious anaemia (autoimmune)
  • Damage to stomach lining
    Leads to fewer parietal cells –> less intrinsic factor secreted –> less B12 absorbed
34
Q

What causes folate deficiency?

A
  • increased demand
  • malabsorption (eg celiac disease)
  • not enough in diet
35
Q

What is haemolysis?

A 
Normal (or increased) production of RBCs
Decreased lifespan (<30 days)
36
Q

What are the 4 main blood groups?

A

A, B, AB, O

37
Q

Which blood group is the universal donor?

A

O

38
Q

Which blood group is the universal recipient?

A

AB

39
Q

What happens is the wrong blood type is transfused?>

A

Recipient’s antibodies destroy transfused cells

40
Q

What is rhesus disease?

A

Rhesus d mother develops anti-D antibodies to her rhesus D baby (causes problems in 2nd pregnancy)

41
Q

What is the main risk in patients w/ thrombocytopenia?

A

Spontaneous bleeding (cerebral bleeding)

42
Q

What is the main risk in patients w/ thrombocytosis?

A

Thrombosis (arterial/ venous) leading to strokes or heart attacks

43
Q

What type of WBC is most numerous?

A

Neutrophils

44
Q

How would you identify a neutrophil?

A

Multi-lobed nucleus

45
Q

Function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytose + kill bacteria

Inflammatory response

46
Q

How would you identify a basophil?

A

Bi-lobed nucleus

47
Q

Function of basophils?

A

Granules: histamine

Immunity and allergic response

48
Q

How would you identify eosinophils?

A

Bi-lobed nucleus

Red granules

49
Q

Function of eosinophils?

A

Parasitic infections

50
Q

Where are B cells made and stored?

A

Made: bone marrow
Stored: secondary lymphoid organs

51
Q

Where are T cells made and where do they mature?

A

Made: bone marrow
Mature: thymus

CARDIO (3 decks)

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