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BDS1 Cardiovascular System > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of cell in the blood?

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
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2
Q

What is an erythrocyte?

A

Red blood cell

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3
Q

What is a leucocyte?

A

White blood cell

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4
Q

What is a thrombocyte?

A

A platelet

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5
Q

What is included within blood plasma?

A
  • ECF
  • Water, electrolytes, organic molecules
  • glucose, fatty acids, glycerides, amino acids etc
  • Plasma proteins
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6
Q

What are examples of the plasma proteins produced in the liver and how common are these (%)?

A
  • Albumins (60%)
  • Globulins (35%)
  • Fibrinogen (4%)
  • Regulatory proteins (1%)
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7
Q

What are the functions of albumins?

A
  • Oncotic pressure (pressure inside has to be about the same as pressure outside)
  • Transport of lipids
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8
Q

What are the functions of globulins?

A
  • Transport: ions, hormones, lipid;

- Immune functions

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9
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen?

A
  • Inactive form, active form is fibrin –> this is a key component in blood clots
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10
Q

What are 2 examples of regulatory proteins?

A
  • Hormones

- Enzymes

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11
Q

What is the average blood volume for males and females?

A

Males - 70ml/kg of body weight

Females - 60ml/kg of body weight

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12
Q

What percentage of the blood is plasma?

A

Around 55% blood volume

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13
Q

What percentage of the blood is cells?

A

Around 45% blood volume

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14
Q

What is the most abundant cell in the blood?

A

RBC - about 99% of all ‘blood cells’

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15
Q

What is the size of red blood cells?

A
  • 6-8 micrometres in diameter
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16
Q

What is the shape of red blood cells and why?

A

Biconcave disk shape:

  • Permits rapid gas transfer across cell membranes
  • Allows RBC to ‘bend’ in narrow capillaries
  • Biconcave shape enables RBC to expand to accommodate fluid in hypotonic solutions
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17
Q

Where are older blood cells more fragile?

A

In hypotonic solutions

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18
Q

Where are red blood cells formed?

A

In the red bone marrow

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19
Q

Where is red bone marrow found in high concentrations?

A
  • Hip bone, long bones, sternum (bone on chest), skull cap
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20
Q

What is the average lifespan of red blood cells?

A

120 days

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21
Q

‘Old’ red blood cells are removed from the circulation and broken down by the MPS system. What does MPS mean?

A

Monocyte phagocytic system

*Breakdown products are then recycled

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22
Q

What are the 2 components of haemoglobin?

A
  • Iron component and protein component
  • Protein AA pool
  • Haem -> iron; biliverdin, bilirubin
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23
Q

Where is bilirubin conjugated and excreted?

A
  • Conjugated in the liver

- Excreted as bile pigment

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24
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

The formation of red blood cells

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25
Q

What is erythropoiesis regulated by?

A

Erythropoietin –> produced in the kidneys

26
Q

What is the future RBC like in Day 1: proerythroblast of erythropoiesis?

A

Big cell made from iron, haem and AA

27
Q

What is the future RBC like in Day2: Basophilic erythroblast in erythropoiesis?

A

Becomes darker

28
Q

What is the future RBC called in day 3 of erythropoiesis?

A

Polychromatophilic erythroblast

29
Q

What is the future RBC like in Day 4: Normoblast of erythropoiesis?

A

Rejects the nucleus

30
Q

What happens,to the RBD at Day 5-7: Reticulocyte of erythropoiesis?

A

Mature blood cell enters the circulation

31
Q

What happens during the development of a RBC?

A
  • There is a reduction in cell size and regression of the nucleus (this requires folic acid, Vit B12)
  • There is also an increase in haemoglobin content (which requires iron)
32
Q

What is the process which would induce erythropoietin release?

A
  1. Decrease in RBC numbers
    2 So decrease in oxygen delivery to cells
  2. So decreased oxygen to the kidney
  3. So erythropoietin is released (because there is less oxygen gong to cells, kidneys can detect this and initiate the release of erythropoietin)
  4. This causes the red bone marrow to increase the production of RBC’s
33
Q

What does the presence of haemoglobin in RBC’s allow?

A
  • The transport of oxygen
  • The transport of carbon dioxide
  • carbonic anhydrase (enzyme that allows RBC’s to carry CO2) (parietal cells also contain the enzyme
  • bicarbonate production
  • carbamino compounds
34
Q

What kind of protein is haemoglobin?

A

Globular protein

35
Q

What are the chains in a haemoglobin molecule?

A

2-alpha and 2-beta protein chains

36
Q

How many haem groups are found within a haemoglobin molecule?

A
  • 4 haem groups:
  • porphyrin ring
  • Iron atom (get iron right in the middle of the ring)
37
Q

Is Fe binding to O2 reversible or irreversible?

A

Reversible

38
Q

How many haemoglobin molecules are there per each RBC?

A

200-300

39
Q

What is the name for the immature version of haemoglobin that a foetus has?

A

Hb-F

40
Q

What does the nucleus of a neutrophil look like?

A

Multineucleic

41
Q

What does the nucleus of an eosinophil look like?

A
  • Pinker - classic shape of nucleus is bi-nucleic
42
Q

What does the nucleus of a basophil look like?

A
  • Dark staining - single big nucleus that takes u most of the cytoplasm
43
Q

What does the nucleus of a monocyte look like?

A
  • Bi-loped - 2 parts to nucleus
44
Q

What does the nucleus of a lymphocyte look like?

A
  • Single large dark nucleus
45
Q

What are platelets derived from?

A

megakaryocytes

46
Q

Platelets are involved in haemostasis, what does this mean?

A

Involved in blood clotting

- Form platelet plug

47
Q

What is the normal platelet count in the blood?

A

150-400 x 10^9/ litre

48
Q

What do erythrocytes carry on their membranes which characterises a person into their specific blood group?

A

Antigens

49
Q

What antigens in erythrocytes are important in relation to blood transfusions?

A
    • AB antigens
  • Rhesus antigens

*The presence or absence of these antigens determines a person’s ‘blood group’

50
Q

What percentage of the UK has group A blood?

A

42%

51
Q

What percentage of the UK has group B blood?

A

10%

52
Q

What percentage of the UK has group AB blood?

A

4%

53
Q

What percentage of the UK has group O blood?

A

44%

54
Q

What percentage of people have the Rh+ antigen?

A

83%

55
Q

What percentage of people have the Rh- antigen?

A

17%

56
Q

What is the dangerous scenario of Rh-incompatibility?

A
  • If Rh- person receives Rh+ blood, they will develop anti-Rh antibodies
  • These will not affect the recipient, because they have no Rh-antigen
  • However, in a Rh- female conceives a Rh+ foetus, some of the foetal RBC’s can enter maternal circulation at birth
  • Anti-Rh antibodies are formed
  • These can attack and haemolyse the RBC’s of a subsequent Rh+ foetus
  • Results in a haemolytic disease of the new born so new bon child will have all blood cells destroyed
57
Q

Ideally what type of blood should a patient be given if they need a blood transfusion?

A

Ideally, patients should be given a blood group which is compatible with their blood group

58
Q

In an emergency, what type of blood can be given to any person?

A

Group O- blood

59
Q

What type of blood is known as the ‘universal donor’?

A

Group O

60
Q

What type of blood is known as the ‘universal recipient’?

A

Group AB

BDS1 Cardiovascular System (6 decks)

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