Blood

Question 1

sickle cell disease (SCD),

Answer 1

• autosomal recessive hematologic disorder resulting in hemoglobin molecules that polymerize during times of hypoxic stress.
• results from a DNA point mutation in the coding region of the hemoglobin beta-globin chain.
• single nucleotide substitution is a missense mutation that causes a glutamic acid to valine substitution at position 6 during protein translation
  only 2 possible single nucleotide substitutions could occur in DNA that result in glutamic acid being replaced by valine, GAA → GTA and GAG → GTG.

Question 2

lymphoma

Answer 2

Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lymphoma include hypercalcemia due to overproduction of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and cerebellar degeneration

Question 3

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 3

can invade the bone marrow, causing myelophthisic anemia.
- A peripheral blood smear would show leukoerythroblastosis (immature granulocytes and nucleated teardrop-shaped erythrocytes).

Question 4

Iron deficiency

Answer 4

• Iron-deficient individuals on replacement therapy should experience hemoglobin level increases of approximately 2 g/dL per week for the first three weeks
• increase in hemoglobin results from enhanced erythropoiesis and the accelerated release of both mature red blood cells (RBCs) and reticulocytes into the bloodstream.

reticulocyte is an immature RBC that is slightly larger and bluer than a mature RBC. lacks a cell nucleus but retains a basophilic, reticular (mesh-like) network of residual ribosomal RNA

ribosomal RNA appears blue microscopically after the application of the Wright-Giemsa stain.

After spending a day or so in the bloodstream, the reticulocytes are transformed into mature red blood cells that have a lifespan of approximately 120 days.