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Anatomy Blood Vessels > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

3 Major Functions of blood

A

Distribution
supplies O2 from lungs to cells
supplies nutrients from GI tract to cells
Transports metabolic wastes from cells
Transports hormones to target tissues/organs

Regulation
body temperature
pH of body fluids
blood volume to support efficient circulation

Protection
prevents blood loss
prevents infection through the activity of WBC (complement and antibodies)

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2
Q

Chemical characteristics of blood

A

chemical pH 7.35-7.45 maintained by buffers (lungs, kidneys, bicarbonate, phosphate and protein buffer systems)

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3
Q

Physical Characteristics of blood

A

viscosity- resistance to flow determined by RBC and albumins. 4.5-5.5 more viscous than H2O

color- red- oxygenated (arteral) deep red/blue deoxygenated (venous)

osmolarity- total molarity of dissolved particles. determined by PROTEINS, RBC and sodium ions.

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4
Q

Two major components of blood:

A

Plasma- liquid part of blood 55% of blood. contains H20 hormones/enzymes, nutrients electrolytes, respiratory gasses, wastes, proteins (for clotting, viscosity, transport

Formed elements- cells and cell fragments 45% of blood since most of them are RBC it is the value of the hematocrit (HCT=45%)/percent of RBC Include: Erythrocytes(RBC), platelets (thrombocytes), Leukocytes (WBC)

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5
Q

Blood plasma vs. Serum

A

PLASMA is the liquid part of blood and is a mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, and gasses. When the clotting proteins are removed from plasma, the remaining part is called SERUM.

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6
Q

Plasma proteins and functions

A

Albumen 60% osmolarity (colloid osmotic pressure, used for reabsorption in capillary exchange), carriers viscosity

Globulins 36% antibodies, transport

Fibrinogen 4% clotting

*all are synthesized in the liver except for gamma globulins, which come from plasma cells**

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7
Q

Erythrocytes (red blood cells/ RBC)

A

site of formation is red bone marrow that has a pluripotential stem cell called HEMOCYTOBLAST.

the hemocytoblast multiplies continuously to produce ALL formed elements of blood, including RBC in response to certain stimuli (erythropoietin)

4-6 million erythrocytes in blood stream of an adult

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8
Q

Physical characteristics of erythrocytes

shape
composition
lifespan
organelles
functions
males vs females
A

shape- disc shaped cell with thick rim

composition 33% of cytoplasm is hemoglobin (Hb)

life span 120 days

organelles- little organelles/ lack nucleus= lost
during development. not a true cell

functions- gas transport O2 and CO2 contribute to blood viscosity

males have more RBC than females bc they have more testosterone have no menstrual losses and have a larger muscle mass

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9
Q

4 major changes erythrocytes undergo during erythropoiesis

A

Hemocytoblast, Reticulocyte, Erythrocyte

looses nucleus
increases in number
decreases in size
produces Hb

Reticulocyte- a young RBC with a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes that produce Hb

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10
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO)

secreted in response to hypoxemia (oxygen-deficiency in the blood) by kidneys and liver mostly.

negative feedback mechanism stimulates erythropoiesis

In case of oxygen deficiency in bloodstream, kidneys start to produce EPO which stimulates the hemocytoblast to differentiate into erythrocytes

takes 3-5 days to make a new RBC

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11
Q

Structure and function of a hemoglobin A molecule

A

Hemoglobin A (HBA) is an adult hemoglobin

contains 4 globin chains (2 alpha and 2 beta chains)

each globin chain has a nonprotein moiety/part called the heme group which binds O2 to Fe2+ at its center

each heme can cary one molecule of O2 (up to 4 molecules of O2 for one molecule of Hb)

some co2 in bloodstream is also transported by hemoglobin but CO2 binds to the globin chains

therefore Hb can carry O2 and CO2 at the same time

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12
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

when one or more molecules of o2 are bound to heme group of hemoglobin

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13
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

when hemoglobin looses some of the oxygen bound to it

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14
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

when carbon dioxide binds to amino groups of Hb

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15
Q

Breakdown of hemoglobin

A

hemoglobin is broken down into its globin and heme parts (moieties)

the globin is hydrolyzed into its free amino acids, whick are reused

the heme is broken down into Fe2+ and organic components

the Fe2+ is recycled or stored (transferrin is a transport protein, ferritin is a storage iron-protein complex)

the heme group is released and is broken down into biliverdin first (greenish), then bilirubin (yellow) which is a pigment that gives color to byle, and then urine and feces.

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16
Q

Differences between hematocrit, polycythemia and anemia

A

hematocrit- percent of formed elements in the blood, primarily RBC (normal average is 45%, depends on gender)

polycythemia- high count of RBC. can be caused by cancer of reb bone marrow, dehydriation, emphysemia, high altitude or physical conditioning, or by blood doping

anemia- low oxygen-carrying ability of the blood can be caused by low count of RBCs low hemoglobin content or abnormal hemoglobin symptoms include fatigue, paleness and shortness of breath

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17
Q

Leucocytes (white blood cells WBC)

A

site of formation: red bone marrow that has a pluripotential stem cell called a hemocytoblast. the hemocytoblast multiplies continuously to produce ALL formed elements of blood, including WBC in response to certain stimuli (CSF colony stimulating factor and IL interleukin)

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18
Q

Physical characteristics of leucocytes

A

organelles- retain organelles throughout life are TRUE complete cells

lifespan- caries depending on type from hours to years

functions defense against pathogens

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19
Q

Factors that stimulate leucopoiesis= production of WBC

A

Leucopoiesis begins with pluripotent stem cell= hemocytoblast which then can differentiate into all types of WBC. The production of WBC is stimulated by CSF and IL produced by macrophages and T cells

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20
Q

FIve types of leucocytes

A 
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

(Never let monkeys eat bananas) order of abundance most to least

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21
Q

Neutrophils

A

60-70% increase in bacterial infections. release antimicrobial chemicals

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22
Q

eosinophils

A

2-4 increase in parasitic infections and allergies release enzymes that weaken or destroy parasites

23
Q

basophils

A

<.5-1% increase in allergies release histamine and heparin

24
Q

Lymphocytes

A

25-33% increase in diverse infections and immune responses. destroy cancer cells, cells infected with viruses, and foreign cells secrete antibodies and serve in immune memory (T cells and B cells)

25
Q

Monocytes

A

3-8% increase in chronic infections. differentiate into macrophages and activate other cells of immune system

26
Q

Granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinsophils
basophils

27
Q

Agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

28
Q

Thrombocytes (platelets)

A

site of formation: red bone marrow that has a pluripotential stem cell called a hemocytoblast the hemocytoblast multiplies continuously to produce ALL formed elements of blood, including platelets in response to certain stimuli (thrombopoietin)

130k to 400k thrombocytes in bloodstream

29
Q

Physical characteristics of Thrombocytes

lifespan
organelles
function

A

lifespan 10 days

organelles- none never was a true cell. a fragment of the megakaryocyte (a giant cell that forms about 1,000 platlets)

function- clotting (secrete chemicals to promote vascular spasm and clotting, attract other thrombocytes to site of injury and initiate the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting)

30
Q

factors that stimulate thrombopoiesis

A

under the influence of thrombopoietin from the liver or kidney, hemocytoblast turn into megakaryoblasts which give off fragments=thrombocytes. So platelets are fragments of another cell thus they were never true cells

31
Q

Hemostasis phase 1

A

vascular spasm- bloodd vessels constrict to reduce bleeding. can be caused by an injury to vascular smooth muscle or by chemicals such as serotonin released by platelets and endothelial cells

32
Q

hemostasis phase 2

A

platelet plug formation- platlets adhere to exposed collagen fibers of the vessel wall to reduce or stop minor bleeding. Platelets degranulate= start releasing chemicals such as ADP, thromboxane A2 which attracts other thrombocytes to the site of injury (positive feedback mechanism)

33
Q

hemostasis phase 3

A

Blood clotting (coagulation) a multi-step process involving clotting facturs (I-XIII) that creates insoluble fibrin= the framework of a clot

34
Q

Importance of first two phases

A

vascular spasm- allows time for a platelet plug formation and blood clotting

platelet blug formation- as platelets aggregate they undergo degranulation (the exocytosis of their cytoplasmic granules and release of factors that promote hemostases) They release serotonin= a vasoconstrictor ADP= which attracts other platelets to the area and stimulates their degranulation, and thromboxane A2 and eicosanoid that promotes aggregation, degranulation and vasoconstriction. this is important bc it activates a positive feedback mechanism that can quickly seal a small break in a blood vessel

35
Q

Coagulation

A

multistep process that transforms blood from liquid to gel and is dependent on factors of coagulation (I-XIII) final product is fibrin

36
Q

Coagulation: Extrinsic pathway

A

outside blood itself- initiated by factors released by tissues= tissue thromboplastin happens in damaged vessels. takes seconds

37
Q

Coagulation: Intrinsic pathway

A

found inside blood- initiated by platelets= platelet releasing factor involves platelet degranulation takes minutes

38
Q

Extrinsic and Intrinsic differences and similarities

A

Both use Ca2

Both pathways happen together

intrinsic pathway takes longer than extrinsic pathway due to having more steps before factor X= thrombokinase

the two pathways are different till formation of factor X-thrombokinase but then both pathways have same final steps

39
Q

Final Steps of coagulation

A

once factor X is activated it combines with other factors to produce prothrombin activator (enzyme)

prothrombin activator converts prothrombin (plasma protein) into thrombin (an enzyme)

thrombin converts fibrinogen (a soluble plasma protein) into fibrin (the insoluble protein)

fibrin is used to create the framework of a clot

eventually as healing is complete, the clot is broken down (fibrinolysis) and removed

if not removed, can have the potential of becoming an embolus (traveling clot) and causing coronary embolism (heart attack), brain embolism (stroke) or pulmonary embolism.

40
Q

Clotting

A

can be accelerated= inappropriate clotting immobility, burns, athrosclerosis

can be slowed down in thrombocytopenia, hemophilia (genetic lack of certain clotting factors), liver disorders (insufficient vit. K and other factors of coagulation) or by anticoagulants- factors that inhibit clotting

41
Q

Clotting: Heparin

A

a natural anticoagulant which prevents clot formation by inhibiting thrombin formation

42
Q

Clotting: Sodium citrate

A

an agent used on glassware and instruments to prevent coagulation by tying up calcium

43
Q

Clotting: Warfarin or Aspirin

A

anticoagulant drugs

44
Q

Clotting: Thrombus and embolus

A

thrombus- clot developed in an unbroken blood vessel

embolus- an abnormal object moving through a blood vessel such as a clot, air bubble or lipid droplet

45
Q

ABO blood types

A

type A:

type B:

type AB:

type O:

46
Q

Type A

A

type A: type A antigen (agglutinogen) on RBC and Anti-B antibodies (agglutinins) in plasma

47
Q

type B

A

type B: has type B antigen and Anti-A antibodies

48
Q

type AB

A

type AB has both A & B antigens but no antibodies

49
Q

type O

A

type O: no antigens but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

50
Q

Rh blood type: how is Rh factor determined?

A

Rh Factor is determined by whether or not Rh antigens are present on the cell membranes of RBC

51
Q

Meaning of “Rh -“ “Rh +’

A

NO Rh antigens on RBCs and “Rh +” means there are Rh antigens on RBCs

52
Q

Number of and common genes that help determine Rh + people

A

8 genes can help determine if a person is Rh positive.

The most common are C,D, and E genes

53
Q

Sensitization

A

Normally “Rh +” and “Rh -“ blood do not have anti-Rh antibodies in plasma. however “Rh-“ can develop these antibodies after the first exposure to Rh antigens and event called sensitization.

Anatomy Blood Vessels (2 decks)

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