Blood 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Romanovsky type blood stain
A
- basic-methylene blue (RNA)
- basic-azure B (DNA and GAGs)
- acidic-eosin (proteins)
2
Q
hematopoiesis
A
continuous production of blood cells
-monophyletic- all from a common pluripotent stem cell (HSC)
3
Q
hematopoietic organs
A
- bone marrow:RBCs, granulocytes, monocytes
- lymphoid organs-lymphocytes
4
Q
blast cell
A
- large cell 10-15 mirons
- large euchromatic nucleus
- several nucleoli (neg image)
- high nucleocytoplasmic ratio
- heavenly blue cytoplase
- no cytoplasminc granules
5
Q
neutrophil differentiation
A
- condensation of nuclear chromatin (disappearance of nucleoli)
- lobulation of nucleus
- appearance of cytoplasmic granules
- decrease in cytoplasmic basophilia
6
Q
normal conditions for neutrophil development
A
- blasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes and metamyelocytes are only in bone marrow
- band and mature cells in peripheral blood
- mitotic for 7.5 days, post mitotic for 6.5
- total 14 days
7
Q
neutrophilic promyelocyte
A
- same size as blast
- spherical nucleus
- more condensed chromatin
- azurophilic granules
- mitotic
8
Q
azurophilic granules
A
- primary lysosomes- form secondary lysosomes when fuse with phagosome in neutrophil (second one to fuse)
- contain acid phosphatase and myeloperoxidase (MPP)
9
Q
neutrophilic myelocyte
A
- round oval nucleus
- more heterochromatic
- no longer makes azurophilic granules
- appearance of specific granules
- color of cytoplasm shifts from blue to salmon pink
- mitotic
10
Q
specific granules
A
- lysozyme-hydrolyzes glycosides in bacterial cell wall
- lactoferrin-binds iron
- death of bacterial cells
11
Q
neutrophilic metamylocyte
A
- no longer mitotic
- kidney shaped nucleus
- more condensed chromatin
- numerous specific granules
- few azurophilic granules
- salmon pink cytoplasm
12
Q
band cell
A
- when the indentation exceeds 1/2 the diameter of the round nucleus
- curved rod shaped nucleus
- more condensed chromatin
- cytoplasm just like mature neutrophil
- bands can be observed in peripheral blood (1-5% of WBCs)
- % of bands in the peripheral blood can provide a rough estimate of the rate of neutrophil production
- when the segments between lobes have become think heterochromatic filaments, its a neutrophil
13
Q
shift to the left
A
increase in the % of bands in the buffy coat indicates that stress is being placed on the bone marrow to produce more neutrophils
14
Q
life span of neutrophils
A
- 9-14 days in bone marrow
- 1 day in peripheral blood
- 5 days in surrounding tissue
- 15-20 days total
- eosinophils and basophils same sequence
15
Q
red bone marrow
A
- small blood vessels
- discontinuous sinuses
- hematopoietic cords
- found in: sternum, vertebrae, ribs, clavicles, pelvis, skull
- also contains stem cells that can produce other tissues-makes it possible to generate specialized cells that are not rejected by the body
16
Q
HSC
A
- all blood cells derived from HSCs
- cells reside in hemopoietic stem cell niches
17
Q
stem cell niches
A
- interactive structure unit that nurtures stem cells and facilitates their activity
- osteoclasts-create space in spongy bone
- osteoblasts-localization of stem cells and support hematopoiesis
- other cells: endo cells, pericytes, bone marrow macrophages
- fibronectin, laminin, agrin
18
Q
importance of stem cell niches
A
- stem cells not randomly distributed in bone marrow
- live in specific environments
- interaction of the stem cells with the elements of the niche is critical
- alterations to niche can lead to myeloproliferative disease, a pre leukemic condition
19
Q
erythrocyte differentiation
A
- decrease in cell volume
- decrease in nuclear diameter
- increase in heterochromatin
- disappearance of nucleoli
- loss of nucleus
- decrease in cytoplasmic basophilia and increase in eosinophilia
20
Q
basophilic erythroblast
A
- under influence of erythropoietin the RBC will begin maturation
- smaller than a blast
- checkerboard nucleus
- loss of nucleolus
- navy blue cytoplasm (increase in free ribosomes)
- ribosomes produce hemoglobin
- capable of cell division 1-2 times
21
Q
polychromatophilic erythroblast
A
- capable of dividing 3-4x
- when basophilia is decreasing and eosinophilia is increasing-due to increase in hemoglobin
22
Q
normoblast
A
- smaller cell
- smaller heterochromatic nucleus
- slightly polychromatophilic
- terminal cell-no more mitosis
23
Q
fate of normoblasts
A
- 80% lose nucleus and keep some polyribosomes and small RNA- to reticulocyte (have some RNA) then erythrocyte
- 20% lose residual RNA before nuclear extrusion-to orthochromatic erythroblast then erythrocyte
24
Q
orthochromatic erythrocyte
A
- uses up residual RNA before extrudes its nucleus
- resembles a nucleated RBC
- not present in normal peripheral blood
25
maturation time for RBC
- 1-2 days as basophilic erythrocyte
- 3 days as a polychromatophil
- 3 days for normoblast to reticulocyte
- 1 day for reticulocyte to RBC
- total 8-9 days
26
erythropoietin
- glycoprotein hormone
- produced in kidney cortex (probably by endo cells of peritubular capillary plexus
- increases rate of mitosis (in blasts, erythroblasts and polychromatophils)
- increases RNA synthesis in developing RBCs (especially mRNA for hemoglobin)
- attenuates degree of brain damage after stroke
- synthesis stimulated by hypoxia
27
erythroblastic island
- developing RBCs cluster around reticular cells in bone marrow
- reticular cells phagocytose extruded nuceli-trophic role in maturation of RBCs
28
plasma cell
- basophilic cyto
- neg image of golgi
- acentrically placed nucleus
- clock face chromatin
29
megakaryocyte differentiation
- cell enlargement
- lobulation of nucleus
- increase in level of ploidy-32-64n
- shift in cytoplasmic basophilia to acidophilia
- accumulation of azurophilic cytoplasmic granules
- formation of platelet demarcation channels
30
proplatelet model
1. extension of thick pseudopods
2. formation of long extensions
3. platelets are releases from ends of proplatelets
31
red bone marrow and megakaryocytes
- lie just outside the discontinuous sinusoids
- release platelets into sinusoids
- platelets circulate for 10 days
- destroyed in spleen and liver
- contain functional repetoire of mRNAs
- may be able to produce functional progeny??
32
lymphoblasts
- most lymphoblasts reside in the bone marrow
- some of their progeny will migrate to the thymus, where they will acquire T cell characteristics
- some of their progeny will remain in the marrow and differentiate into B cells
- all lymphocytes will migrate to specific regions of peripheral lymphoid organs
33
lymphocyte differentiation
- decrease in cell size
- condensation of chromatin
- disappearance of nucleoli
- acquisition of cell surface receptors
34
monocyte
- develops from blasts in red bone marrow
- bone marrow 2-3 days
- circulation 1-2 days
- tissues (as macrophages) 1-3 months
