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Microscopic Anatomy Unit 3 > Blood 1 > Flashcards

Blood 1 Flashcards

1
Q

formed elements of blood

A
  • erythrocytes
  • leukocytes
  • platelets
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2
Q

blood plasma

A
  • protein rich liquid

- 50% of blood volume

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3
Q

blood proteins

A
  • albumin
  • globulins
  • fibrinogen
  • complement proteins
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4
Q

albumin

A

maintenance of osmotic pressure of blood

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5
Q

globulins

A

gamma globulins are antibodies

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6
Q

fibrinogen

A

necessary for blood coagulation

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7
Q

complement proteins

A

important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms

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8
Q

buffy coat

A
  • 1% of blood volume

- platelets

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9
Q

hematocrit

A
  • % of blood volume occupied by the RBCs
  • female-41%
  • male-45%
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10
Q

erythrocytes

A
  • biconcave discs without nuclei (fetal cells have one)
  • round/oval
  • 6.5 to 8 microns in diameter
  • deeper pink in periphery
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11
Q

biconcave shape

A
  • provides large SA:vol ratio (40% greater than sphere of the same size)
  • facilitates gas exchange
  • rouleaux-RBCs stack up in aggregates in small blood vessels
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12
Q

ability of erythrocytes to change shape

A
  • geometry
  • cytoplasmic viscosity (intracellular hemoglobin concentration)
  • properties of their plasma membrane
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13
Q

plasma membrane of RBC

A
  • band 3
  • glycoporin
  • spectrin
  • actin
  • protein 4.1 (binds spectrin and actin)
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14
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • globular protein, involved in transportation of gases
  • responsible for the cytoplasmic viscosity and eosinophilia of RBCs
  • 4 atoms of iron are required for each molecule of Hb (O2 reversibly binds to iron)
  • insufficient iron in diet can lead to iron deficiency anemia
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15
Q

sickle cell

A
  • mutation of one nt in beta chain (glu to val)
  • HbS is insoluble at low oxygen tension and crystallizes out
  • leads to inflexibility and reduced life span—————>anemia
  • increased blood viscosity (due to insoluble) can lead to ischemia
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16
Q

RBCs

A
  • average life span is 120 days
  • removed from circulation by macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow
  • males-4.1-6 x10^6/ microliter
  • females- 3.9-5.5
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17
Q

reticulocytes

A
  • some young RBCs have ribosomal RNA in their cytoplasm that can be stained by brilliant cresyl blue
  • 1% of circulating RBCs are reticulocytes
  • reticulocyte count can be used as a rough estimate of the rate of erythropoiesis
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18
Q

leukocyte classification

A
  • main line of defense against invading bacteria, viruses, and parasites
  • granular: have specific cytoplasmic granules; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
  • agranular: lack SPECIFIC granules; lymphocytes, monocytes
  • 6000-10,000 per microliter
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19
Q

percent of neutrophils

A
  • 12-15 micromoles

- 60-70%

20
Q

percent of eosinophils

A
  • 12-15 micromoles

- 2-4%

21
Q

percent of basophils

A
  • 12-15 micromoles

- 0-1%

22
Q

percent of lymphocytes

A
  • 6-18 micrmoles

- 20-30%

23
Q

percent of monocytes

A
  • 12-20 micromoles

- 3-8%

24
Q

leukocyte movement

A
  • diapedesis
  • between cells-paracellular
  • through cells-transcellular
  • function outside blood vessels
25
Q

neutrophils

A
  • 12-15 micrometer in diameter
  • lobed nucleus-heterochromatic
  • variably shaped lobes
  • no nucleoli
  • salmon pink cytoplasm-from specific granules
  • 2 types of granules- 80% specific and 20% azurophilic
  • 60-70% of circulating leukocytes
  • phagocytosis and killing of bacteria
  • cell motility (I’m coming to get them) and chemotaxis (I know where you are)
26
Q

leukocyte specific granules (neutrophilic granule)

A
  • fuses with membrane bound phagosome to release contents
  • alkaline phospohatase
  • collagenase
  • lactoferrin-binds iron and stops growth of bacteria
  • lysozyme-hydrolyze bacterial cell wall
  • account for salmon color of cytoplasm
27
Q

azurophilic granules

A
  • form secondary lysozyme when fusing with phagosome after neutrophilic granule fused
  • contains a lot of hydrolytic enzymes- hydrolyze dead bacteria
28
Q

neutrophils also do

A
  • release of microvesicles that have antibacterial activity (contain myeloperoxidase and lactoferrin)
  • burst of 02 consumption (respiratory burst), which leads to formation of superoxide anions, which kills the bacteria
29
Q

netosis

A

-release of a mesh like structure that is capable of trapping microbes

30
Q

eosinophils

A
  • 2-4% of leukocytes
  • same size as neutrophils
  • bilobed nucleus
  • large eosinophilic specific granules
  • no azurophilic granules
31
Q

eosinophil granules

A
  • major basic protein
  • histaminase
  • eosinophil cationic proteins
  • eosinophil derived neurotoxin
32
Q

functions of eosinophils

A
  • kill larvae of parasitic worms (major basic protein)
  • phagocytosis of antigen antibody complexes
  • inactivate mediators of inflammation (histamine and SRS A)
  • synthesize lipid mediators of inflammation (leukotrienes)
  • produce cytokines (ILs 3,5,6,8,12)
  • plays role in asthma-infiltrate bronchial mucosa-bronchoconstriction, excess mucus secretion, inflammation, airway remodeling
33
Q

basophils

A
  • 0-1% of leukocytes
  • same size as neutrophils
  • less nuclear segmentation
  • large azurophilic granules (frequently obscure nucleus-specific)
  • contain heparin and histamine, SRS-A
34
Q

functions of basophils

A
  • general inflammatory response
  • immediate hypersensitivity reactions (localized or wide spread-mediated by IgE
  • delayed hypersensitivity reactions- take up to 12-18 hrs to develop
  • have eosinophilic chemotactic factor-eosinophils and basophils at same site
35
Q

agranular leukocytes

A
  • lac specific granules
  • lymphocytes and monocytes
  • lymphocytes are the main function cells of the immune system
36
Q

small lymphocyte

A
  • 6-8 microns in diameter
  • round heterochromatic nucleus
  • pale blue cytoplasm
  • small is most frequent size in peripheral blood- but can be med or large
37
Q

large agranular lymphocyte

A
  • 10-18 microns in diameter
  • larger, less heterochromatic nucleus
  • cytoplasm contains more organelles
  • have been activated by specific antigens
38
Q

large granular lymphocytes

A

-large azurophilic cytoplasmic granules

39
Q

functional classes of lymphocytes

A

t, b and null (natural killer cells)

40
Q

B lymphocytes

A
  • 10-15% of circulating lymphocytes
  • antigen receptors are immunoglobulins
  • differentiate into plasma cells
  • plasma cells produce antibodies-humoral immunity
41
Q

T lymphocytes

A
  • 70-80% of circulating lymphocytes
  • T cell receptors are not immunoglobulins
  • T cells require antigen presenting cells
  • some activated T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells (CD8+): cell mediated immunity (perforin and granzymes
  • some activated T cells differentiate into helper (CD4+) and regulator (suppressor) t cells
42
Q

regulator t cells

A
  • hot research topic
  • suppress the response of other leukocytes to foreign antigens
  • suppress immune responses to self antigens (protect against AI disease)
  • -block antitumor responses of cytotoxic T cells
43
Q

large granular lymphocyte 2

A
  • natural killer cells
  • 5-10% of circulating lymphocytes
  • no b or t cells surface molecules
  • large azurophilic granules
  • kill virus infected cels
  • kill malignant cells without prior sensitization
  • production of cytokines (IFN-gamma)-influence hosts immune response
44
Q

Monocyte

A
  • largest leukocyte (12-20 microns)
  • variably shaped nuclei
  • more euchromatic nuclei
  • abundant cytoplasm
  • small azurophilic granules
  • vacuoles
  • 4% of circulating lymphocytes
  • cytoplasm full of complement
  • circulate for about 3 days, leave the blood and transform into tissue macrophages
45
Q

functions of monocytes

A
  • phagocytosis of bacteria and tissue debris
  • antigen presentation
  • fusion to form osteoclasts
  • formation of giant cells in cases of chronic inflammation
  • production of cytokines (IL 1, 6, TNF, INF alpha/beta) that help regulate hematopoiesis
  • immune surveillance of endothelial cells (??)
46
Q

platelets

A
  • small, non-nucleated cytoplasmic fragments
  • come from megakaryocytes
  • normal ct is 250,000/ microliter
  • 10 day life span
  • die by apoptosis
  • contain a functional repetoire of mRNAs they receive from megakaryocyte
47
Q

functions of platelets

A
  • seal off breaks in BV
  • roles in coag-surface and factors 8 and 9
  • competence of endo
  • inflammation and rheumatoid??-inc vasc perm
  • inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth by releasing thrombospondin 1??

Microscopic Anatomy Unit 3 (3 decks)

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