Blood 1 Flashcards
1
Q
formed elements of blood
A
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- platelets
2
Q
blood plasma
A
- protein rich liquid
- 50% of blood volume
3
Q
blood proteins
A
- albumin
- globulins
- fibrinogen
- complement proteins
4
Q
albumin
A
maintenance of osmotic pressure of blood
5
Q
globulins
A
gamma globulins are antibodies
6
Q
fibrinogen
A
necessary for blood coagulation
7
Q
complement proteins
A
important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms
8
Q
buffy coat
A
- 1% of blood volume
- platelets
9
Q
hematocrit
A
- % of blood volume occupied by the RBCs
- female-41%
- male-45%
10
Q
erythrocytes
A
- biconcave discs without nuclei (fetal cells have one)
- round/oval
- 6.5 to 8 microns in diameter
- deeper pink in periphery
11
Q
biconcave shape
A
- provides large SA:vol ratio (40% greater than sphere of the same size)
- facilitates gas exchange
- rouleaux-RBCs stack up in aggregates in small blood vessels
12
Q
ability of erythrocytes to change shape
A
- geometry
- cytoplasmic viscosity (intracellular hemoglobin concentration)
- properties of their plasma membrane
13
Q
plasma membrane of RBC
A
- band 3
- glycoporin
- spectrin
- actin
- protein 4.1 (binds spectrin and actin)
14
Q
hemoglobin
A
- globular protein, involved in transportation of gases
- responsible for the cytoplasmic viscosity and eosinophilia of RBCs
- 4 atoms of iron are required for each molecule of Hb (O2 reversibly binds to iron)
- insufficient iron in diet can lead to iron deficiency anemia
15
Q
sickle cell
A
- mutation of one nt in beta chain (glu to val)
- HbS is insoluble at low oxygen tension and crystallizes out
- leads to inflexibility and reduced life span—————>anemia
- increased blood viscosity (due to insoluble) can lead to ischemia
16
Q
RBCs
A
- average life span is 120 days
- removed from circulation by macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow
- males-4.1-6 x10^6/ microliter
- females- 3.9-5.5
17
Q
reticulocytes
A
- some young RBCs have ribosomal RNA in their cytoplasm that can be stained by brilliant cresyl blue
- 1% of circulating RBCs are reticulocytes
- reticulocyte count can be used as a rough estimate of the rate of erythropoiesis
18
Q
leukocyte classification
A
- main line of defense against invading bacteria, viruses, and parasites
- granular: have specific cytoplasmic granules; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
- agranular: lack SPECIFIC granules; lymphocytes, monocytes
- 6000-10,000 per microliter
19
Q
percent of neutrophils
A
- 12-15 micromoles
- 60-70%
20
Q
percent of eosinophils
A
- 12-15 micromoles
- 2-4%
21
Q
percent of basophils
A
- 12-15 micromoles
- 0-1%
22
Q
percent of lymphocytes
A
- 6-18 micrmoles
- 20-30%
23
Q
percent of monocytes
A
- 12-20 micromoles
- 3-8%
24
Q
leukocyte movement
A
- diapedesis
- between cells-paracellular
- through cells-transcellular
- function outside blood vessels
25
neutrophils
- 12-15 micrometer in diameter
- lobed nucleus-heterochromatic
- variably shaped lobes
- no nucleoli
- salmon pink cytoplasm-from specific granules
- 2 types of granules- 80% specific and 20% azurophilic
- 60-70% of circulating leukocytes
- phagocytosis and killing of bacteria
- cell motility (I'm coming to get them) and chemotaxis (I know where you are)
26
leukocyte specific granules (neutrophilic granule)
- fuses with membrane bound phagosome to release contents
- alkaline phospohatase
- collagenase
- lactoferrin-binds iron and stops growth of bacteria
- lysozyme-hydrolyze bacterial cell wall
- account for salmon color of cytoplasm
27
azurophilic granules
- form secondary lysozyme when fusing with phagosome after neutrophilic granule fused
- contains a lot of hydrolytic enzymes- hydrolyze dead bacteria
28
neutrophils also do
- release of microvesicles that have antibacterial activity (contain myeloperoxidase and lactoferrin)
- burst of 02 consumption (respiratory burst), which leads to formation of superoxide anions, which kills the bacteria
29
netosis
-release of a mesh like structure that is capable of trapping microbes
30
eosinophils
- 2-4% of leukocytes
- same size as neutrophils
- bilobed nucleus
- large eosinophilic specific granules
- no azurophilic granules
31
eosinophil granules
- major basic protein
- histaminase
- eosinophil cationic proteins
- eosinophil derived neurotoxin
32
functions of eosinophils
- kill larvae of parasitic worms (major basic protein)
- phagocytosis of antigen antibody complexes
- inactivate mediators of inflammation (histamine and SRS A)
- synthesize lipid mediators of inflammation (leukotrienes)
- produce cytokines (ILs 3,5,6,8,12)
- plays role in asthma-infiltrate bronchial mucosa-bronchoconstriction, excess mucus secretion, inflammation, airway remodeling
33
basophils
- 0-1% of leukocytes
- same size as neutrophils
- less nuclear segmentation
- large azurophilic granules (frequently obscure nucleus-specific)
- contain heparin and histamine, SRS-A
34
functions of basophils
- general inflammatory response
- immediate hypersensitivity reactions (localized or wide spread-mediated by IgE
- delayed hypersensitivity reactions- take up to 12-18 hrs to develop
- have eosinophilic chemotactic factor-eosinophils and basophils at same site
35
agranular leukocytes
- lac specific granules
- lymphocytes and monocytes
- lymphocytes are the main function cells of the immune system
36
small lymphocyte
- 6-8 microns in diameter
- round heterochromatic nucleus
- pale blue cytoplasm
- small is most frequent size in peripheral blood- but can be med or large
37
large agranular lymphocyte
- 10-18 microns in diameter
- larger, less heterochromatic nucleus
- cytoplasm contains more organelles
- have been activated by specific antigens
38
large granular lymphocytes
-large azurophilic cytoplasmic granules
39
functional classes of lymphocytes
t, b and null (natural killer cells)
40
B lymphocytes
- 10-15% of circulating lymphocytes
- antigen receptors are immunoglobulins
- differentiate into plasma cells
- plasma cells produce antibodies-humoral immunity
41
T lymphocytes
- 70-80% of circulating lymphocytes
- T cell receptors are not immunoglobulins
- T cells require antigen presenting cells
- some activated T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells (CD8+): cell mediated immunity (perforin and granzymes
- some activated T cells differentiate into helper (CD4+) and regulator (suppressor) t cells
42
regulator t cells
- hot research topic
- suppress the response of other leukocytes to foreign antigens
- suppress immune responses to self antigens (protect against AI disease)
- -block antitumor responses of cytotoxic T cells
43
large granular lymphocyte 2
- natural killer cells
- 5-10% of circulating lymphocytes
- no b or t cells surface molecules
- large azurophilic granules
- kill virus infected cels
- kill malignant cells without prior sensitization
- production of cytokines (IFN-gamma)-influence hosts immune response
44
Monocyte
- largest leukocyte (12-20 microns)
- variably shaped nuclei
- more euchromatic nuclei
- abundant cytoplasm
- small azurophilic granules
- vacuoles
- 4% of circulating lymphocytes
- cytoplasm full of complement
- circulate for about 3 days, leave the blood and transform into tissue macrophages
45
functions of monocytes
- phagocytosis of bacteria and tissue debris
- antigen presentation
- fusion to form osteoclasts
- formation of giant cells in cases of chronic inflammation
- production of cytokines (IL 1, 6, TNF, INF alpha/beta) that help regulate hematopoiesis
- immune surveillance of endothelial cells (??)
46
platelets
- small, non-nucleated cytoplasmic fragments
- come from megakaryocytes
- normal ct is 250,000/ microliter
- 10 day life span
- die by apoptosis
- contain a functional repetoire of mRNAs they receive from megakaryocyte
47
functions of platelets
- seal off breaks in BV
- roles in coag-surface and factors 8 and 9
- competence of endo
- inflammation and rheumatoid??-inc vasc perm
- inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth by releasing thrombospondin 1??
