Blood Flashcards
pg. 644
1
Q
What is transportation (Functions of Blood)
4 answers
A
- Oxygen traveling from the lungs to the body tissue
- Metabolic waste from tissue to lungs, kidneys, & liver
- Nutrients from the GI tracts to the body cells
- Sending hormones
2
Q
Regulation (Functions of Blood)
2 answers
A
- pH via buffers
- Maintain body temperature
3
Q
Protection (Functions of Blood)
2 answers
A
- Clotting to stop blood loss
- Immunity & Immune responses
4
Q
How viscious is blood compared to water
A
- More viscous than water
5
Q
What tempature is blood normally compared to other parts of the body
A
Temperature about 1 degree celsius higher than oral or rectal body temperature
6
Q
How many liters of blood does a male and female have
A
M: 5-6L
F: 4-5L
7
Q
What is the akaline pH of blood
A
7.35 - 7.45
8
Q
Blood cell percentage in blood (Components of Blood)
A
45%
9
Q
Plasma percentage in blood (Components of Blood)
A
55%
10
Q
Ratio of red blood cells to white (Components of Blood)
A
99-1
11
Q
What percent of our body weights is blood
A
8%
12
Q
Water follows ______
A
The solute
13
Q
What protein works as a transporter
A
Albumins
14
Q
What are globulins
A
plasma proteins that are antibodies that help fight viruses and bacteria
15
Q
What protein has a role in blood cloting
A
Fibrogen
16
Q
What is the consitituents of blood and their percentages?
3 answers
A
Water- 91.5%
Proteins- 7%
Other Solutes- 1.5%
17
Q
What do red blood cells lack compared to other cells and do white cells have these issues? (2)
A
- Red blood cells are missing a nucleus and other organelles
- White blood cells are complete cells
18
Q
What are the Hematocrit percentages for male and females?
A
M- 47%
F- 42%
+5 -5 margin of error
19
Q
What is Erythropeotein
A
Hormone that stimulate RBC production and target the bone marrows
20
Q
If you don’t have enough oxygen what happens?
A
More RBC production
21
Q
What is polycythemia (homestatic imbalance)?
A
abnormally high amounts of hematocrits
22
Q
What is Anemia (homestatic imbalance)?
A
Abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity (something wrong with the oxygen function of blood)
23
Q
What are hematocrits
A
RBC percentages compared to the volume of blood
24
Q
What is hemopoiesis?
A
Making of the cells (in this context, red blood cells)
25
Before birth, where does hemopoiesis occur?
## Footnote
4 answers
In the liver, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes
26
In the last trimester and after, where does hemopoiesis occur?
In the red bone marrow
27
B lymphocytes are responsible for _____.
antibodies
28
What are reticulocytes?
immature cells that will become RBC
29
What do megakaryocytes turn into
Become platelets
30
What do platelets assist with?
Blood clotting
31
What do erythrocytes contain?
hemoglobin
32
How many RBCs do adult males and females have?
Males: 5.4 Million
Females: 4.8 Million
33
How many microliters is one drop of blood
50
34
What is the rate that mature RBCs leave the marrow, and what is the rate they are destroyed?
2 million a second and also are destroyed at the same rate
35
What is the shape and size of RBCs, plus why?
## Footnote
2 answers
1. Biconcave disks that are 8 micrometers in diameter
2. It's biconcave to increase the surface area
36
Can RBCs reproduce?
No
37
What are RBCs composed of?
plasma membrane, cytosol, and hemoglobin
38
How much hemoglobin is in a singular RBC?
280 million molecules
39
What major organelle are RBCs missing?
mitochondria
40
What is hemoglobin's composition?
## Footnote
2 answers
1. Globin (protein)
2. Pigment protein called heme with an iron ion in the center where oxygen is transported
41
What percentage of carbon dioxide does hemoglobin transport?
13%
42
How are RBCs destroyed
Done by macrophages (phagocytic/pacman) in the spleen, liver, and red bone marrow.
43
What molecule is heme broken down into (RBC destruction)?
Bilirubin
44
What happens if there's an issue with your bile duct?
Will build up bile and get jaundice.
45
What gives feces its color?
Bilirubin breaking down in urobilin and stercobilin
46
What is erythropoiesis?
Production of RBCs
47
Explain erythropoiesis process
Prothroblast divides and develops to eject the nucleus, becoming a reticulocyte
48
Another name for WBCs
Leukocytes
49
Give examples of granular (WBCs)
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
50
Give examples of granular (WBCs)
## Footnote
2 answers
lymphocytes & monocytes
51
Eosinophils functions
Combat the effects of histamine and other inflammatory/allergic responses
52
When would you see an increase in eosinophils
When you get a parasite like a tapeworm
53
Basophils functions
Release heparin, histamine, and serotonin (meant to intensify inflammatory response)
54
Heparin is _______?
Natures blood thinner
55
What is histamine's function
Respond to allergic responses
56
When will you see an increase in neutrophils?
A bacterial infection (Sometimes active in burn victims)
57
What are monocytes?
Develop into macrophages and phagocytize microbes
58
When do you see an increase in monocytes?
Viral infections
59
What are the 3 kinds of lymphocytes
B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells
60
What are B cells involved with
Antibody-mediated immunity (works like a vaccine, where when you're sick, the body gives a better response)
61
What are T cells are involved with
Cell-mediated immunity (fights all foreign substances in the body, e.g., cell transplants, cancers, or viruses
62
What are natural killer cells?
Tumor-fighting cells
63
What is the life spans of WBCs
Mostly a few days but B and T cells and liver for many years
64
When infected, how long do WBCs live?
A few hours
65
What are the WBCs percentages
## Footnote
5 answers
Never: 60-70 % are neutrophils
Let: 20% lymphocytes
Monkeys: 3-8% Monocytes
Eat: 2-4% Eosinophils
Bananas: 0.5-1% Basophils
66
What are platelets
Thrombocytes
67
What are platelets? Are they fragments of what, and how many?
fragment of a megakaryocyte and are 2000-3000 parts that leave bone marrow to enter blood
68
How many platelets per microliter of blood
150,000-400,000
69
What is the function of platelets
To stop bleeding by forming a "plug"
70
What are the 3 sequences of homeostasis?
## Footnote
3 answers
1. Vascular spasms
2. Platelet phase
3. Coagulation phase
71
Describe vascular spasm phase (3 sequences of homeostasis)
## Footnote
3 answers
1. 30 minutes
2. Platelets form, and endothelins are releases to stimulate smooth muscle to contract
3. Endothelial cells become sticky and adhere to the platelets together
72
Describe the platelet phase (3 sequences of homeostasis)
## Footnote
2 answers
1. Plats are now attached to endothelial surfaces, basement membranes, collagen fibers, and each other
2. As platelets activatenthey release chemicals that promote aggregation
73
Describe coagulation phase (3 sequences of homeostasis)
## Footnote
3 answers
1. Blood clotting
2. Complete series of steps leading to conversion of fibrinogen
3. A fibrin networks grow blood cells and platelets are trapped, forming blood clots sealing off the wound
74
Function of the extrinsic pathway
Activated by external trauma that causes blood to escape from the vascular system and involves factor VII
75
Function of the intrinsic pathway
Activated by trauma inside the vascular system, platelets are the activators and involve factors XII, XI, IX, and VIII
76
Function of the common pathway
Both pathways meet and finish the pathway of clot production in what is known as the commons pathway that involves factors I, II, V, and X
77
What is the inactive version of thrombin
prothrombin
78
What is the product of fibrinogen and fibrin
Stable fibrin clot
| Occurs in the common pathway
79
3 steps of the commonpathway
## Footnote
3 answers
1. Prothrombin activator is formed
2. Prothrombins converted to thrombin
3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to loose fibrin threads and stabalizes them into a strudy blood clot
| fibrin threads are insoluable
80
What is a thrombus
Blood clot
81
What is a embolus
Moving blood clot
82
Hemophilis (Homestatic imbalance)
Clotiing diorder due to factor VIII, IX, X
83
What can go wrong with a blood clot
It can break apart
| You want it to disolve
84
Name a famous example of Hemophilia being present through generations
The royal family wasn't able to form blood clots
| Due to inbreeding they couldn't form blood clots
85
Antigen A on RBCs of people will have _____
Type A blood
| anti B antidobides in their plasma
86
Antigen B on blood cells of people willl have ____
Type B blood
| anti A antibodies in their plasma
87
Antigen A and B on RBCs of people will have _____
Type AB blood
| Neither antibodies in their plasma (universal receiver)
88
No antigens on RBCs of people will have _____
Type O blood
| anti A and B antibodies (universal donor)
89
Fetal hemoglobin is better than mature because ____?
Because a higher affintiy with oxygen
90
How do you prevent erthroblastosis fetalis
A RhoGAM shot given to the Rh negative mother
91
When do Rh- perosnel make anti-Rh antibodies
When exposed to Rh+ blood
92
What is anemia
A reduced oxygen carrying capacity
93
What is hemorrhagic anemia
Results from blood loss
| Acute: Stab wounds, cuts & Chronic: bleeding ulcer
94
What is hemolytic anemia
RBC's rupture or lyse permantly.
| Hemoglobin abnromalities mismatched blood, bacterial or parasitic infec.
95
What is aplastic anemia
Results from destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow.
| drugs, chemials, radiation, or viruses, also immunity and cloting defect
96
What is another cause for anemia
Low hemoglobin content which occurs when hemoglobin molecules are normal but RBC's cotnain fewer molecules than normal
97
What is Iron deficiency anemia
Can be secoundary to hemorrhagic anemia but also can come from low intake of iron or impairment of iron absorption
98
What is precicious anemia
RBC's grow but do not divide
99
If someone is heterozygus what are they resisten to
Resistent form malaria
| When some of your blood is normal and some are sickle shaped
100
What is sickle-cell anemia
Change in any of the 287 amino acids in just one of globin chains. The RBC become sickle shaped and unload oxygen. If there is little oxygen, low blood, or vigerous exercise they may rupture or dam up small blood vessels.
101
What is thalassemias (Anemia)
One of the globin chains is absent or faulty,
| Causes RBC's to thin, delicate, and lack hemoglobin
102
What is Leukopenia (Anemia)
Abnormally low WBC count commonly induced by drugs including glucorcorticoids
| Reduce inflamation/supress imune systems or anticancer drugs
103
What is Leukocystosis
Abnormally high WBC count that can occur from infections to drugs like steroids
104
What is Leukemia (Anemia)
Refers to cancerous conditon involving WBC's. Which begins in the bone marrow, unspecifalized cells will then proliferate out of control and impair bone marrow function
| Leads to death from internal bleeding and overwhelming infections
105
What is Thrombocytopenia
Not enough circulating platelets which then causes spontaneous bleeding all over the body
| Is caused by anything that destroys or surpresses bone marrow
106
What are petechie
Small purplish blotches
| Form because of thromocytopenia
107
What is Hemophilia
Lack of Factor VIII
108
What may cause impaired liver function
Vitamin K deficiency
109
Function of Neutrophils
Combat bacterial infections with lysozymes, defenisins, and oxidants
110
Function of Eosiniphils
Combat effects of histamine in allergic reactions and deal with parasites ex: worms
111
What is Polycythemia
A mutation causing excessivie RBC production in the bone marrow
112
How do RBC form
From erthyroposiesis which starts proerthroblasts dividing and developing into to eject the nucleus to become a reticulocyte
113
4 characterisitcs of reticulocytes (about to become RBC's)
| 4 answers
1. Only 34% hemoglobin
2. Still contain mitochondria
3. Have ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulums
4. Will become RBC 1-2 days after leaving the red bone marrow
