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FoundSci Unit 5 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is a CBC and a CBC w/diff?

A

CBC is a complete blood count and reports total number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.

With differential just means it also reports how many of each kind of white blood cell.

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2
Q

What is a CMP?

A

Comprehensive metabolic panel

Quantitative histology and measures serum contents

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3
Q

What is a BMP?

A

Basic Metabolic Panel

Measures electrolytes and metabolites

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4
Q

What is a liver panel?

A

Hepatic function test

Measures liver proteins, enzymes, and metabolites

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5
Q

What are components of whole blood?

A

Forced elements - cells and platelets, includes erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

Plasma - fluid ECM of blood includes water, proteins, lipids, metabolites, hormones, and antibodies

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6
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Red blood cell volume

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7
Q

What is plasma and what is it composed of?

A

Blood’s ECM

Yellowish fluid in which formed elements are suspended, other organic compound, and electrolytes are dissolved.

Yellow color is from bilirubin

Plasma is mainly composed of water and then proteins

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8
Q

What are the functions of plasma?

A

Transport of cells, nutrients, metabolic wastes, proteins, hormones.

Assists in homeostasis - maintaining osmotic balance and maintaining pH balance

Assists in hemostasis - hemostatic processes prevent blood loss during injury, lead to coagulation and clotting

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9
Q

What is plasma - fibrinogen?

A

Serum

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10
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

A soluble protein that converts to insoluble fibrin during clotting

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11
Q

What is the special stain for blood smears?

A

Giemsa stain

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12
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Process by which a series of stem cells differentiate and immature precursor cells mature, giving rise to the formed elements of blood

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13
Q

What are the functions of erythrocytes and what are their properties?

A

Functions are oxygen transport and CO2 transport

RBC morphology reflects function

Very little variation in appearance among mature RBCs

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14
Q

What is the benefit of the biconcave shape of mature RBCs?

A

Higher surface area to volume ratio (vs. spheres) which enables faster gas transfer across cell membrane

Greater flexibility because RBCs can bend and twist so they can resist shear forces and pass through tiny capillaries

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15
Q

What is the central pallor?

A

In LM, it is the thinner region in the center of the disc of a mature RBC

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16
Q

What are the 2 transmembrane proteins in RBCs?

A

Band 3 - anion transport protein which transports HCO3- across RBC membrane and mediates exchange Cl- and HCO3-

Glycophorins - bear ABO and Rh antigens

17
Q

What unique about the RBCs cytoskeleton and filaments?

A

Has spectrin filaments and actin filaents that form a grid underneath the cell membrane

Intracellular attachment proteins attach grid to transmembrane proteins

RBCs lack microtubules and intermediate filaments

18
Q

How do RBCs maximize space for hemoglobin?

A

RBCs lack nearly all organelles and cytoplasm contents are hemoglobin mainly and reduced cytoskeleton and enzymes. No mitochondria and they are anucleate.

19
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

Immature RBCs

In LM, they are anucleate, basophilic speckles and reticulating lines and no central pallor

20
Q

What are leukocytes and what categories do they fall into?

A

Granulocytes - have large cytoplasmic granules
Includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Agranulocytes - lack large cytoplasmic granules
Includes lymphocytes and monocyttes

21
Q

What are the 3 types of cytoplasmic granules?

A

Primary granules - present in all 5 WBCs

Secondary granules - only in granulocytes

Tertiary granules - only in neutrophils

22
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils?

A

Attack protozoans and helminth parasites

Degrade histamine and phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes

Recruited to connective tissue of airways during viral infections of the respiratory tract

23
Q

What do you see in LM with eosinophils?

A

Bilobate nucleus

Primary granules - destroy parasites

Secondary granules - contain parasite cytotoxins, stain acidophilic

24
Q

What do eosinophils look like in TEM?

A

Secondary granules have stripes called crystalloid bodies

Barr body might be present

25
Q

What are the functions of basophils?

A

Initiate type I (immediate) hypersensitivity reactions and mediate subsequent inflammatory response

Basophils degranulate when exposed to antigens/allergens, releasing histamine and heparin into the bloodstream

26
Q

What do basophils look like under LM and TEM?

A

In LM:
Primary granules

Secondary granules - histamine and heparin, very basophilic

In TEM: Secondary granules are large and e dense and lack stripes

27
Q

What are the functions of neutrophils?

A

Active phagocytes, especially of bacteria and fungi (high in bacterial infections)

First responders - elevated for first 24hrs of inflammation or infection

28
Q

How do neutrophils appear in LM and TEM?

A

LM:
multilobate nucleus
Primary granules
Secondary granules
Tertiary granules

TEM:
Many lobes and phagocytes
Multilobed nucleus
Primary and secondary granules are small and similar in appearance

29
Q

What are band cells?

A

Immature neutrophils

C-shaped nucleus.

30
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes?

A

Main functional cells of lymphatic system

Attack viruses - elevated in blood and in viral infections

Only has primary granules

31
Q

What do lymphocytes look like in LM and TEM?

A

Nucleus occupies most of the cell

TEM - can see cytoplasm form a thin ring around the nuclus

32
Q

What is the function of monocytes and what are their properties?

A

Macrophage precursors

Have primary granules

Nucleus is kidney shapes, large indent on one side

Cytoplasm not grainy

33
Q

What are the functions of thrombocytes? What are their properties?

A

Clotting and tissue repair - hemostasis

Derived from megakaryocytes

Granulomere contains 2 types of granules - both promote platelet aggregation during clot formation

Hyalomere - peripheral cytoplasm

34
Q

What do thrombocytes look like in LM and TEM?

A

TEM - no granules in hyalomere and electron dense granules in granulomere

LM:
No nucleus, granulomere contains e dense granules, hyalomere is peripheral region that lacks granules

FoundSci Unit 5 (10 decks)

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