Blood Flashcards
What is a CBC and a CBC w/diff?
CBC is a complete blood count and reports total number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
With differential just means it also reports how many of each kind of white blood cell.
What is a CMP?
Comprehensive metabolic panel
Quantitative histology and measures serum contents
What is a BMP?
Basic Metabolic Panel
Measures electrolytes and metabolites
What is a liver panel?
Hepatic function test
Measures liver proteins, enzymes, and metabolites
What are components of whole blood?
Forced elements - cells and platelets, includes erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
Plasma - fluid ECM of blood includes water, proteins, lipids, metabolites, hormones, and antibodies
What is hematocrit?
Red blood cell volume
What is plasma and what is it composed of?
Blood’s ECM
Yellowish fluid in which formed elements are suspended, other organic compound, and electrolytes are dissolved.
Yellow color is from bilirubin
Plasma is mainly composed of water and then proteins
What are the functions of plasma?
Transport of cells, nutrients, metabolic wastes, proteins, hormones.
Assists in homeostasis - maintaining osmotic balance and maintaining pH balance
Assists in hemostasis - hemostatic processes prevent blood loss during injury, lead to coagulation and clotting
What is plasma - fibrinogen?
Serum
What is fibrinogen?
A soluble protein that converts to insoluble fibrin during clotting
What is the special stain for blood smears?
Giemsa stain
Hematopoiesis
Process by which a series of stem cells differentiate and immature precursor cells mature, giving rise to the formed elements of blood
What are the functions of erythrocytes and what are their properties?
Functions are oxygen transport and CO2 transport
RBC morphology reflects function
Very little variation in appearance among mature RBCs
What is the benefit of the biconcave shape of mature RBCs?
Higher surface area to volume ratio (vs. spheres) which enables faster gas transfer across cell membrane
Greater flexibility because RBCs can bend and twist so they can resist shear forces and pass through tiny capillaries
What is the central pallor?
In LM, it is the thinner region in the center of the disc of a mature RBC
What are the 2 transmembrane proteins in RBCs?
Band 3 - anion transport protein which transports HCO3- across RBC membrane and mediates exchange Cl- and HCO3-
Glycophorins - bear ABO and Rh antigens
What unique about the RBCs cytoskeleton and filaments?
Has spectrin filaments and actin filaents that form a grid underneath the cell membrane
Intracellular attachment proteins attach grid to transmembrane proteins
RBCs lack microtubules and intermediate filaments
How do RBCs maximize space for hemoglobin?
RBCs lack nearly all organelles and cytoplasm contents are hemoglobin mainly and reduced cytoskeleton and enzymes. No mitochondria and they are anucleate.
What are reticulocytes?
Immature RBCs
In LM, they are anucleate, basophilic speckles and reticulating lines and no central pallor
What are leukocytes and what categories do they fall into?
Granulocytes - have large cytoplasmic granules
Includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Agranulocytes - lack large cytoplasmic granules
Includes lymphocytes and monocyttes
What are the 3 types of cytoplasmic granules?
Primary granules - present in all 5 WBCs
Secondary granules - only in granulocytes
Tertiary granules - only in neutrophils
What are the functions of eosinophils?
Attack protozoans and helminth parasites
Degrade histamine and phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes
Recruited to connective tissue of airways during viral infections of the respiratory tract
What do you see in LM with eosinophils?
Bilobate nucleus
Primary granules - destroy parasites
Secondary granules - contain parasite cytotoxins, stain acidophilic
What do eosinophils look like in TEM?
Secondary granules have stripes called crystalloid bodies
Barr body might be present
What are the functions of basophils?
Initiate type I (immediate) hypersensitivity reactions and mediate subsequent inflammatory response
Basophils degranulate when exposed to antigens/allergens, releasing histamine and heparin into the bloodstream
What do basophils look like under LM and TEM?
In LM:
Primary granules
Secondary granules - histamine and heparin, very basophilic
In TEM: Secondary granules are large and e dense and lack stripes
What are the functions of neutrophils?
Active phagocytes, especially of bacteria and fungi (high in bacterial infections)
First responders - elevated for first 24hrs of inflammation or infection
How do neutrophils appear in LM and TEM?
LM:
multilobate nucleus
Primary granules
Secondary granules
Tertiary granules
TEM:
Many lobes and phagocytes
Multilobed nucleus
Primary and secondary granules are small and similar in appearance
What are band cells?
Immature neutrophils
C-shaped nucleus.
What are the functions of lymphocytes?
Main functional cells of lymphatic system
Attack viruses - elevated in blood and in viral infections
Only has primary granules
What do lymphocytes look like in LM and TEM?
Nucleus occupies most of the cell
TEM - can see cytoplasm form a thin ring around the nuclus
What is the function of monocytes and what are their properties?
Macrophage precursors
Have primary granules
Nucleus is kidney shapes, large indent on one side
Cytoplasm not grainy
What are the functions of thrombocytes? What are their properties?
Clotting and tissue repair - hemostasis
Derived from megakaryocytes
Granulomere contains 2 types of granules - both promote platelet aggregation during clot formation
Hyalomere - peripheral cytoplasm
What do thrombocytes look like in LM and TEM?
TEM - no granules in hyalomere and electron dense granules in granulomere
LM:
No nucleus, granulomere contains e dense granules, hyalomere is peripheral region that lacks granules
