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Anatomy and Physiology 3 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood transports what through blood vessels?

A
  • Nutrients
  • Wastes
  • Hormones
  • Body Heat
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2
Q

what kind of tissue is blood?

A

The only fluid tissue, a type of connective tissue

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3
Q

what are the components of blood?

A
  • Formed elements (living cells)
  • Plasma (nonliving fluid matrix)
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4
Q

What happens to plasma when blood is separated?

A

the plasma rises to the top (55% of blood)

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5
Q

What happens to Erythrocytes/red blood cells when blood is separated? what is the percentage called?

A

they sink to the bottom (45% of blood, a percentage known as the Hematocrit)

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6
Q

what does the buffy coat of blood contain?

A

Leukocytes, or white blood cells, and platelets (Less than 1% of blood)

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7
Q

where is the buffy coat?

A

it is a thin, whitish layer btwn the Erythrocytes and Plasma

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of blood?

A
  • Sticky, opaque fluid
  • Heavier & thicker than water
  • Color range
  • Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
  • Oxygen-poor blood is dull red or purple
  • metalic, salty taste
  • Blood pH is slightly alkaline, btwn 7.35 and 7.45
  • Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temp at 38C or 100.4F
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9
Q

what is blood volume?

A
  • About 5-6 L, or about 6 quarts of blood are found in a healthy adult
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10
Q

What percentage of blood makes up body weight

A

8%

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11
Q

What percentage of plasma is water? what colour is plasma?

A

90%, Straw-colored fluid

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12
Q

which dissolved substances can be found in plasma?

A
  • Nutrients
  • Salts (electrolytes)
  • Respiratory gases
  • Hormones
  • Plasma proteins
  • Waste products
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13
Q

what are Erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells (RBCs)

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14
Q

what are Leukocytes?

A

White blood cells (WBCs)

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15
Q

what are Platelets?

A

Cell fragments

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16
Q

What is the main function of RBCs?

A

to carry oxygen

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17
Q

how do RBCs differ from other blood cells?

A
  • Anucleate (no nucleus)
  • Contain few organelles; lack mitochondria
  • Make ATP by anaerobic means
  • Essentially “bags” of hemoglobin (Hb)
  • Shaped like biconcave discs
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18
Q

what is the normal count of RBCs?

A

5 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood

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19
Q

how many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin bind to?

A

4

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20
Q

how many hemoglobin molecules does each erythrocyte have?

A

250 million

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21
Q

normal blood contains how many grams of hemoglobin?

A

12 - 18 g of hemoglobin per 100 ml of blood

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22
Q

anemia is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood due to?

A
  • Lower-than-normal number of RBCs
  • Abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content in the RBCs
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23
Q

sickle cell anemia (SCA) results from?

A

Abnormally shaped hemoglobin

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24
Q

what is polycythemia?

A

Disorder resulting from excessive or abnormal increase of RBCs due to:
- Bone marrow cancer (polycythemia vera)
- Life at higher altitudes (secondary polycythemia)

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25
Q

An increase in RBCs does what to blood flow and blood viscosity?

A
  • Slows blood flow
  • Increases blood viscosity
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26
Q

Leukocytes (white blood cells/WBCs) are?

A
  • Crucial in body’s defence against disease
  • Complete cells with nucleus and organelles
  • Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis)
  • Respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues (known as positive chemotaxis)
  • Move by amoeboid motion by forming cytoplasmic extensions to help them move
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27
Q

How many WBCs in blood?

A

4,800 to 10,800 WBCs per mm3 of blood

28
Q

Homeostatic imbalance of WBCs: Leukocytosis

A

Normal response to an infection but excessive production of abnormal WBCs during infectious mononucleosis or leukemia is pathological

29
Q

Homeostatic imbalance of WBCs: Leukopenia

A
  • Abnormally low WBC count
  • Commonly caused by certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents
30
Q

Homeostatic imbalance of WBCs: Leukemia

A
  • Bone marrow becomes cancerous
  • Numerous immature WBC are produced
31
Q

Platelets are?

A
  • Fragments of megakaryocytes (multinucleate cells)
  • Needed for the clotting process
32
Q

How many platelets in blood?

A

Normal platelet count is 300,000 platelets per mm3 of blood

33
Q

Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation) IMPORTANT

A
  • Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation
  • Occurs in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)
34
Q

where are all blood cells derived from?

A

A common stem cell (hemocytoblast)

35
Q

Hemocytoblasts form 2 types of descendants

A
  • Lymphoid stem cell, which produces lymphocytes
  • Myeloid stem cell, which can produce all other formed elements
36
Q

Formation of Red Blood Cells IMPORTANT

A
  • Since RBCs are anucleate, they are unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
  • RBCs wear out in 100 to 120 days
  • When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver
37
Q

Lost RBCs are replaced by?

A

Division of hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow

38
Q

Reticulocytes are?

A

Young RBCs which enter the blood to become oxygen-transporting erythrocytes

39
Q

Rate of RBC production is controlled by a hormone called?

A

Erythropoietin

40
Q

Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as?

A

A response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood

41
Q

Homeostasis is maintained by?

A

Negative feedback from blood oxygen levels

42
Q

Hemostasis is the process of?

A

Stopping the bleeding that results from a break in a blood vessel

43
Q

Hemostasis involves three phases

A
  1. Vascular spasms
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
44
Q

Hemostasis, Step 1: Vascular spasms

A
  • Immediate response to blood vessel injury
  • Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm
    – Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood
    loss
45
Q

Hemostasis, Step 2: Platelet plug formation

A

– Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood
vessel
– Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers
– Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more
platelets
– Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug

46
Q

Hemostasis, Step 3: Coagulation

A

– Injured tissues release tissue factor (TF)
– PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF, blood protein
clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting
cascade
– Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to
thrombin (an enzyme)
– Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hairlike
molecules of insoluble fibrin
– Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot)
– Within the hour, serum is squeezed from the clot as it
retracts to pull edges of the blood vessel together
▪Serum is plasma minus clotting proteins

47
Q

In hemostasis blood usually clots within?

A

3 to 6 min

48
Q

In hemostasis the clot_______?

A

remains as endothelium regenerates

49
Q

In hemostasis the clot is broken down after?

A

Tissue repair

50
Q

What is a Thrombus?

A
  • A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
  • Can be deadly in areas such as the lungs
51
Q

What is an Embolus?

A
  • A thrombus that breaks away and freely in the bloodstream
  • Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
52
Q

Bleeding disorders: what is thrombocytopenia?

A

▪Insufficient number of circulating platelets
▪Arises from any condition that suppresses the
bone marrow
▪Even normal movements can cause bleeding
from small blood vessels that require platelets for
clotting
▪Evidenced by petechiae (small purplish blotches
on the skin)

53
Q

Bleeding disorders: what is hemophilia?

A

▪Hereditary bleeding disorder
▪Normal clotting factors are missing
▪Minor tissue damage can cause life-threatening
prolonged bleeding

54
Q

What are 2 serious consequences large losses of blood have?

A

– Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes pallor and weakness
– Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be
fatal

55
Q

Blood transfusions are given for?

A

substantial blood loss, to treat severe anemia, or for thrombocytopenia

56
Q

Blood contains genetically determined proteins known as?

A

Antigens

57
Q

Antigens are?

A

Substances that the body recognizes as foreign and that the immune system may attack
– Most antigens are foreign proteins
– We tolerate our own “self” antigens

58
Q

Antibodies are?

A

The “recognizers” that bind foreign antigens

59
Q

Blood is “typed” by?

A

Using antibodies that will cause blood certain proteins to clump (agglutination) and lyse

60
Q

Blood types are based on the presence or absence of 2 antigens which are?

A
  • Type A
  • Type B
61
Q
  1. Presence of both antigens A & B is?
  2. Presence of antigen A is?
  3. Presence of antigen B is?
  4. Lack of both antigens A & B is?
A
  1. Type AB
  2. Type A
  3. Type B
  4. Type O
62
Q

-Type AB can receive?
- Type AB is the?

A
  • Can receive A, B, AB & O blood
  • Is the “universal recipient”
63
Q

Type B can receive?

A

B & O blood

64
Q

Type A can receive?

A

A & O blood

65
Q
  • Type O can receive?
  • Type O is the?
A
  • O blood
  • “Universal donor”
66
Q

Rh blood group is named for? IMPORTANT

A

– Named for one of the eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen
D) identified in Rhesus monkeys
– Most Americans are +
Rh (Rh-positive), meaning they
carry the Rh antigen

67
Q

Anti-Rh antibodies are not?

A

not automatically formed in the
blood of Rh-negative individuals (unlike the antibodies
of the ABO system)

Anatomy and Physiology 3 (2 decks)

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