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Oral medicine > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is iron deficiency anemia?

A

A condition characterized by a deficiency of iron, leading to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells.

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2
Q

What are the common causes of iron deficiency anemia?

A

Poor dietary intake, chronic blood loss, increased demand during pregnancy, and malabsorption.

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3
Q

How is iron deficiency anemia diagnosed?

A

Blood tests showing low hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum ferritin levels; microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells.

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4
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

An autoimmune disease caused by a deficiency in intrinsic factor, leading to vitamin B12 deficiency and impaired red blood cell production.

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of pernicious anemia?

A

Fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, glossitis, and neurological symptoms such as numbness and tingling.

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6
Q

How is pernicious anemia treated?

A

Vitamin B12 injections or high-dose oral supplements.

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7
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

A condition in which the bone marrow fails to produce enough blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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8
Q

What are the causes of aplastic anemia?

A

Idiopathic, exposure to chemicals, drugs, radiation, or viral infections.

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9
Q

What are the treatment options for aplastic anemia?

A

Blood transfusions, bone marrow stimulants, immunosuppressive therapy, and bone marrow transplant.

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10
Q

What is sickle cell disease?

A

A genetic disorder where red blood cells become sickle-shaped, leading to blockage of blood flow and tissue damage.

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11
Q

What are the dental implications of sickle cell disease?

A

Increased risk of infection, delayed healing, and need for special precautions during dental procedures.

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12
Q

How is sickle cell disease managed in dental patients?

A

Prophylactic antibiotics, pain management, hydration, and avoiding hypoxia.

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13
Q

What is thalassemia?

A

A genetic blood disorder causing reduced production of hemoglobin, leading to anemia and other complications.

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14
Q

How is thalassemia diagnosed?

A

Blood tests showing microcytic anemia, abnormal hemoglobin electrophoresis, and genetic testing.

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15
Q

What are the dental considerations for patients with thalassemia?

A

Regular dental check-ups, management of oral infections, and coordination with the patient’s hematologist.

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16
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

An increased number of red blood cells in the blood, leading to increased blood viscosity and risk of clotting.

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17
Q

What is agranulocytosis?

A

A severe reduction in the number of granulocytes (a type of white blood cell), leading to increased susceptibility to infections.

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18
Q

What are the causes of agranulocytosis?

A

Drug reactions, autoimmune diseases, and bone marrow disorders.

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19
Q

What is cyclic neutropenia?

A

A rare blood disorder characterized by regular, periodic decreases in neutrophil levels, leading to recurrent infections.

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20
Q

How is cyclic neutropenia managed in dental patients?

A

Regular monitoring, prophylactic antibiotics, and careful management of dental infections.

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21
Q

What is leukemia?

A

A type of cancer affecting the blood and bone marrow, leading to the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of leukemia?

A

Fatigue, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, and swollen lymph nodes.

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23
Q

What are the dental implications of leukemia?

A

Increased risk of infection, bleeding, and need for coordination with the patient’s oncologist.

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24
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

A cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to bone pain, fractures, and anemia.

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25
Q

How is multiple myeloma diagnosed?

A

Blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, imaging studies, and detection of monoclonal proteins.

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26
Q

What is infectious mononucleosis?

A

A viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), leading to fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes.

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27
Q

What are the dental considerations for patients with infectious mononucleosis?

A

Avoid elective dental procedures during the acute phase; manage symptoms and maintain oral hygiene.

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28
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

A condition characterized by an abnormally low number of platelets, leading to increased bleeding risk.

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29
Q

What are the causes of thrombocytopenia?

A

Bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, infections, and certain medications.

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30
Q

What is thrombocytosis?

A

An abnormally high number of platelets in the blood, which can increase the risk of blood clots.

31
Q

What are the dental implications of thrombocytosis?

A

Risk of thrombosis during dental procedures; may require antiplatelet therapy management.

32
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

A genetic disorder causing a deficiency in clotting factors, leading to excessive bleeding.

33
Q

How is hemophilia managed in dental patients?

A

Factor replacement therapy, careful planning of dental procedures, and minimizing trauma.

34
Q

What is the purpose of anticoagulant therapy?

A

To prevent blood clots in patients with conditions such as atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis, or artificial heart valves.

35
Q

What are the dental considerations for patients on anticoagulant therapy?

A

Risk of bleeding; may require adjustment of anticoagulant dosage before invasive procedures.

36
Q

What are the main types of hematological diseases?

A

Disorders of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and coagulation factors.

37
Q

How are hematological diseases classified?

A

Based on the affected cell type and the nature of the disorder (e.g., deficiency, overproduction, functional abnormality).

38
Q

What are the common laboratory tests used to diagnose hematological diseases?

A

Complete blood count (CBC), blood smear, bone marrow biopsy, and specific tests for clotting factors or antibodies.

39
Q

What are some common oral manifestations of hematological diseases?

A

Petechiae, bleeding gums, ulcerations, pallor of the oral mucosa, and increased susceptibility to infections.

40
Q

How can dental practitioners identify potential hematological disorders in patients?

A

Through a detailed medical history, clinical examination, and awareness of oral signs and symptoms.

41
Q

What are the dental implications of hematological diseases?

A

Increased risk of bleeding, infection, delayed healing, and need for special precautions during dental procedures.

42
Q

What does a complete blood count (CBC) reveal about a patient’s health?

A

Information about the levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, which can indicate various hematological disorders.

43
Q

How is a blood smear used in diagnosing hematological diseases?

A

By examining the shape, size, and appearance of blood cells to detect abnormalities indicative of specific disorders.

44
Q

What are some specific tests used to diagnose coagulation disorders?

A

Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and specific factor assays.

45
Q

How should dental management plans be adjusted for patients with anemia?

A

Ensuring adequate oxygenation, avoiding prolonged procedures, and monitoring for signs of fatigue.

46
Q

What precautions should be taken for dental patients with leukopenia?

A

Prophylactic antibiotics, strict aseptic techniques, and minimizing invasive procedures to reduce infection risk.

47
Q

What is the normal platelet count range?

A

150,000 - 500,000 per cubic mm

48
Q

What are platelets responsible for?

A

Primary arrest of bleeding at the site of vessel injury

49
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

A condition where there is a decreased number of circulating platelets

50
Q

Name two causes of thrombocytopenia.

A

Decreased platelet production and accelerated platelet destruction/removal

51
Q

How is gingival bleeding controlled in patients with thrombocytopenia?

A

By using absorbable cellulose with thrombin and 1.5% hydrogen peroxide

52
Q

What platelet count range defines thrombocytopenia?

A

50,000 - 150,000 per cubic mm

53
Q

What is thrombocytosis?

A

A condition where there is an increased number of circulating platelets

54
Q

What is the platelet count range in thrombocytosis?

A

500,000 to 1,000,000 per cubic mm

55
Q

What is thromboasthenia?

A

Platelet dysfunction where there is abnormal platelet function

56
Q

What can cause thromboasthenia?

A

Medications or end-stage renal disease

57
Q

How do platelet disorders increase bleeding tendency?

A

Due to abnormalities in the number or function of platelets, leading to prolonged bleeding time

58
Q

Name two clinical manifestations of platelet disorders.

A

Bleeding into the skin (purpura) and epistaxis

59
Q

What are petechiae and ecchymosis?

A

Submucosal hemorrhages observed as red to purple macules in the oral mucosa

60
Q

What is the recommended dental management for thrombocytosis?

A

Control of gingival bleeding with absorbable cellulose with thrombin, and hospitalization if oral surgery is mandatory

61
Q

What is the primary characteristic of hemophilia A?

A

Deficiency of clotting factor VIII

62
Q

How is mild hemophilia treated before dental procedures?

A

With desmopressin followed by tranexamic acid

63
Q

What should be done before extracting a tooth in a patient with severe hemophilia?

A

Raise factor VIII C level to 50-70% before extraction and maintain it post-operatively

64
Q

How should patients with liver disease be managed before dental surgery?

A

Perform PT, PTT, and bleeding time tests, and use antifibrinolytic agents and fresh frozen plasma if necessary

65
Q

What precautions should be taken for patients on warfarin undergoing minor oral surgery?

A

Ensure PT is within the normal therapeutic range (1.5-2.5 times the normal), use atraumatic techniques, and apply pressure pack if needed

66
Q

How does heparin therapy complicate dental procedures?

A

Main complication is bleeding, managed by stopping heparin and possibly using protamine sulfate IV

67
Q

How does hemophilia affect tooth extraction and minor surgeries?

A

It can lead to severe or fatal hemorrhage without proper management of clotting factor levels

68
Q

What is Reye’s syndrome and how is it related to aspirin use?

A

A rare condition in children causing liver damage and acute encephalopathy, associated with aspirin use during viral infections

69
Q

What is the mode of action of warfarin?

A

Inhibition of the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase, affecting hepatic vitamin K stores

70
Q

How is spontaneous gingival bleeding managed in patients with platelet disorders?

A

Use of absorbable cellulose with thrombin and hydrogen peroxide; hospitalization for severe cases requiring oral surgery

71
Q

What is the most common type of hemophilia?

A

Hemophilia A

72
Q

What are the oral manifestations of iron deficiency anemia?

A

Pallor of oral mucosa, atrophic glossitis, and angular cheilitis

73
Q

What is the laboratory finding for hemophilia A?

A

Reduced factor VIII with normal VWF, prolonged clotting time, and prolonged PTT

74
Q

How is bleeding into the canal during endodontic treatment controlled in hemophilia patients?

A

Using 1/1000 epinephrine on a paper point

Oral medicine (7 decks)

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