Blood Flashcards
What is iron deficiency anemia?
A condition characterized by a deficiency of iron, leading to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells.
What are the common causes of iron deficiency anemia?
Poor dietary intake, chronic blood loss, increased demand during pregnancy, and malabsorption.
How is iron deficiency anemia diagnosed?
Blood tests showing low hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum ferritin levels; microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells.
What is pernicious anemia?
An autoimmune disease caused by a deficiency in intrinsic factor, leading to vitamin B12 deficiency and impaired red blood cell production.
What are the symptoms of pernicious anemia?
Fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, glossitis, and neurological symptoms such as numbness and tingling.
How is pernicious anemia treated?
Vitamin B12 injections or high-dose oral supplements.
What is aplastic anemia?
A condition in which the bone marrow fails to produce enough blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
What are the causes of aplastic anemia?
Idiopathic, exposure to chemicals, drugs, radiation, or viral infections.
What are the treatment options for aplastic anemia?
Blood transfusions, bone marrow stimulants, immunosuppressive therapy, and bone marrow transplant.
What is sickle cell disease?
A genetic disorder where red blood cells become sickle-shaped, leading to blockage of blood flow and tissue damage.
What are the dental implications of sickle cell disease?
Increased risk of infection, delayed healing, and need for special precautions during dental procedures.
How is sickle cell disease managed in dental patients?
Prophylactic antibiotics, pain management, hydration, and avoiding hypoxia.
What is thalassemia?
A genetic blood disorder causing reduced production of hemoglobin, leading to anemia and other complications.
How is thalassemia diagnosed?
Blood tests showing microcytic anemia, abnormal hemoglobin electrophoresis, and genetic testing.
What are the dental considerations for patients with thalassemia?
Regular dental check-ups, management of oral infections, and coordination with the patient’s hematologist.
What is polycythemia?
An increased number of red blood cells in the blood, leading to increased blood viscosity and risk of clotting.
What is agranulocytosis?
A severe reduction in the number of granulocytes (a type of white blood cell), leading to increased susceptibility to infections.
What are the causes of agranulocytosis?
Drug reactions, autoimmune diseases, and bone marrow disorders.
What is cyclic neutropenia?
A rare blood disorder characterized by regular, periodic decreases in neutrophil levels, leading to recurrent infections.
How is cyclic neutropenia managed in dental patients?
Regular monitoring, prophylactic antibiotics, and careful management of dental infections.
What is leukemia?
A type of cancer affecting the blood and bone marrow, leading to the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.
What are the symptoms of leukemia?
Fatigue, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, and swollen lymph nodes.
What are the dental implications of leukemia?
Increased risk of infection, bleeding, and need for coordination with the patient’s oncologist.
What is multiple myeloma?
A cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to bone pain, fractures, and anemia.
How is multiple myeloma diagnosed?
Blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, imaging studies, and detection of monoclonal proteins.
What is infectious mononucleosis?
A viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), leading to fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes.
What are the dental considerations for patients with infectious mononucleosis?
Avoid elective dental procedures during the acute phase; manage symptoms and maintain oral hygiene.
What is thrombocytopenia?
A condition characterized by an abnormally low number of platelets, leading to increased bleeding risk.
What are the causes of thrombocytopenia?
Bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, infections, and certain medications.
What is thrombocytosis?
An abnormally high number of platelets in the blood, which can increase the risk of blood clots.
What are the dental implications of thrombocytosis?
Risk of thrombosis during dental procedures; may require antiplatelet therapy management.
What is hemophilia?
A genetic disorder causing a deficiency in clotting factors, leading to excessive bleeding.
How is hemophilia managed in dental patients?
Factor replacement therapy, careful planning of dental procedures, and minimizing trauma.
What is the purpose of anticoagulant therapy?
To prevent blood clots in patients with conditions such as atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis, or artificial heart valves.
What are the dental considerations for patients on anticoagulant therapy?
Risk of bleeding; may require adjustment of anticoagulant dosage before invasive procedures.
What are the main types of hematological diseases?
Disorders of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and coagulation factors.
How are hematological diseases classified?
Based on the affected cell type and the nature of the disorder (e.g., deficiency, overproduction, functional abnormality).
What are the common laboratory tests used to diagnose hematological diseases?
Complete blood count (CBC), blood smear, bone marrow biopsy, and specific tests for clotting factors or antibodies.
What are some common oral manifestations of hematological diseases?
Petechiae, bleeding gums, ulcerations, pallor of the oral mucosa, and increased susceptibility to infections.
How can dental practitioners identify potential hematological disorders in patients?
Through a detailed medical history, clinical examination, and awareness of oral signs and symptoms.
What are the dental implications of hematological diseases?
Increased risk of bleeding, infection, delayed healing, and need for special precautions during dental procedures.
What does a complete blood count (CBC) reveal about a patient’s health?
Information about the levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, which can indicate various hematological disorders.
How is a blood smear used in diagnosing hematological diseases?
By examining the shape, size, and appearance of blood cells to detect abnormalities indicative of specific disorders.
What are some specific tests used to diagnose coagulation disorders?
Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and specific factor assays.
How should dental management plans be adjusted for patients with anemia?
Ensuring adequate oxygenation, avoiding prolonged procedures, and monitoring for signs of fatigue.
What precautions should be taken for dental patients with leukopenia?
Prophylactic antibiotics, strict aseptic techniques, and minimizing invasive procedures to reduce infection risk.
What is the normal platelet count range?
150,000 - 500,000 per cubic mm
What are platelets responsible for?
Primary arrest of bleeding at the site of vessel injury
What is thrombocytopenia?
A condition where there is a decreased number of circulating platelets
Name two causes of thrombocytopenia.
Decreased platelet production and accelerated platelet destruction/removal
How is gingival bleeding controlled in patients with thrombocytopenia?
By using absorbable cellulose with thrombin and 1.5% hydrogen peroxide
What platelet count range defines thrombocytopenia?
50,000 - 150,000 per cubic mm
What is thrombocytosis?
A condition where there is an increased number of circulating platelets
What is the platelet count range in thrombocytosis?
500,000 to 1,000,000 per cubic mm
What is thromboasthenia?
Platelet dysfunction where there is abnormal platelet function
What can cause thromboasthenia?
Medications or end-stage renal disease
How do platelet disorders increase bleeding tendency?
Due to abnormalities in the number or function of platelets, leading to prolonged bleeding time
Name two clinical manifestations of platelet disorders.
Bleeding into the skin (purpura) and epistaxis
What are petechiae and ecchymosis?
Submucosal hemorrhages observed as red to purple macules in the oral mucosa
What is the recommended dental management for thrombocytosis?
Control of gingival bleeding with absorbable cellulose with thrombin, and hospitalization if oral surgery is mandatory
What is the primary characteristic of hemophilia A?
Deficiency of clotting factor VIII
How is mild hemophilia treated before dental procedures?
With desmopressin followed by tranexamic acid
What should be done before extracting a tooth in a patient with severe hemophilia?
Raise factor VIII C level to 50-70% before extraction and maintain it post-operatively
How should patients with liver disease be managed before dental surgery?
Perform PT, PTT, and bleeding time tests, and use antifibrinolytic agents and fresh frozen plasma if necessary
What precautions should be taken for patients on warfarin undergoing minor oral surgery?
Ensure PT is within the normal therapeutic range (1.5-2.5 times the normal), use atraumatic techniques, and apply pressure pack if needed
How does heparin therapy complicate dental procedures?
Main complication is bleeding, managed by stopping heparin and possibly using protamine sulfate IV
How does hemophilia affect tooth extraction and minor surgeries?
It can lead to severe or fatal hemorrhage without proper management of clotting factor levels
What is Reye’s syndrome and how is it related to aspirin use?
A rare condition in children causing liver damage and acute encephalopathy, associated with aspirin use during viral infections
What is the mode of action of warfarin?
Inhibition of the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase, affecting hepatic vitamin K stores
How is spontaneous gingival bleeding managed in patients with platelet disorders?
Use of absorbable cellulose with thrombin and hydrogen peroxide; hospitalization for severe cases requiring oral surgery
What is the most common type of hemophilia?
Hemophilia A
What are the oral manifestations of iron deficiency anemia?
Pallor of oral mucosa, atrophic glossitis, and angular cheilitis
What is the laboratory finding for hemophilia A?
Reduced factor VIII with normal VWF, prolonged clotting time, and prolonged PTT
How is bleeding into the canal during endodontic treatment controlled in hemophilia patients?
Using 1/1000 epinephrine on a paper point
