Blood Flashcards
2 circulatory system
- lymphatic
- circulatory
Blood composition
Formed elements and blood plasma
Blood plasma
- water
- plasma proteins
- ions
- dissolves gasses
- nutrients
- hormones
- waste products
Erythrocytes
- red blood cells
- carry oxygen
- Biconcave disc
- No nucleus
- lots of hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
- protein
- carry’s oxygen in 4 heme units
- 4 O2 and 1 iron atom
Leukocytes
- immune system cells
- removes dead cells and debris
- large with nucleus
- move independently
- produces antibody’s
Platelets
Assist with blood clotting
Hemopoiesis
- production of formed elements
- in the bone marrow
Hemostasis
Prevents blood loss
Vascular spasm
Smooth muscle spam that pinches vessel
Platelet plug formation
- damaged cells release chemicals
- that activate platelets
- that stick together and clot
Fibrin coagulation
- chemical activate enzymes
- builds fibrin, sticky protein fibers
Hemophilia
Inadequate clotting
Pulmonary circuit
Blood from heart to lungs and back
Systemic circuit
Heart to organ systems and back
Cavity and membrane of heart
Cavity- pericardial
Membrane- pericardium
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
Top and bottom of heart
Top- base
Bottom- apex
Cardiac muscle fibers
- branches
- Intercalated disc
- lots of mitochondria
- autorythmic, generates AP without outside signal
Chambers of heart
- right atrium
- left atrium
- right ventricle
- left ventricle
Artery
Blood flow away from heart
Vein
Blood flow toward heart
Heart artery’s
- Aorta
- Pulmonary trunk
Heart veins
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- pulmonary veins
Valves
Designed to prevent back flow
Tricuspid valve
Right atrium -> right ventricle
Bicuspid valve
Left atrium -> left ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Base of the pulmonary trunk
Aortic semicircular valve
Base of aorta
Coronary vessels
Branched along the outside of the heart
(where heart attaches and heart disease occur)
Cardiac cycle nodes
- sinoatrial node
- atrioventricular node
Stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped per beat
Heart rate
Number of beats per min
Cardiac output
Stroke volume x heart rate
Intrinsic regulation
Regulation of stroke volume controlled by heart
Starlings law of the heart
Venus return, stroke volume, cardiac output increases
Extrinsic regulation
Nervous- innervation
Endocrine- epinephrine
Layers of a blood vessel
- tunica externa
- tunica media
- tunica intima
Tunica externa
- outer layer of blood vessel
- strong connective tissue
Tunica media
- middle layer of blood vessel
- smooth muscle
Tunica intima
- inner layer of blood vessel
- endothelium (simple squamous)
Artery characteristics
- thick walls
- more smooth muscles
- stronger and more elastic
- higher pressure
- smaller lumen
- smaller diameter
Types of arteries
- Elastic arteries
- muscular arteries
- arterioles
Elastic arteries
- large
- strong
- aorta
Muscular arteries
- Medium size
- thick tunica media
- smooth muscle
- blood flow regulation
Arterioles
- smallest arteries
- no tunica externa
- small tunica media
Vein characteristics
- thin walls
- low pressure
- large lumen
- large diameter
- have valves
Capillaries, types
One cell think
- continuous
- fenestrated
Continuous capillaries
- cell walls are tightly joined
- most common
Fenestrated capillaries
- pores/ gaps between cells
- less common
Hypertension
High blood pressure
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening or the arteries
Local control
- individual capillary beds
Precapillary sphincter
- regulates blood flow
- smooth right of muscle cells before capillaries
Types of blood flow control
- local control
- regional control
- control of cardiac output
Regional control
- adjust blood flow to regions
- controlled by neurons and endocrine
- sympathetic, causes vessels to relax and dilate
- parasympathetic, causes vessels to tense and contract
Control of cardiac output
- affects total blood flow
- heart rate
- stroke volume changes
Blood volume
If blood volume increase blood pressure increases
Stroke
Sudden decrease of blood flow to the brain
Embolism
Floating blood clot clogs smaller arteries
Hemorrhage
Rapture of arteries
- direct conte t to blood in the brain causes cell damage
