BLOOD Flashcards
The only fluid tissue in the body
Blood
Specialized connective tissue in which living blood cells
Formed elements
suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix
Plasma
Total blood volume in an average adult is about:
4-5 liters in females and 5-6 liters in males.
the total weight of the body
8%
Blood components
- Withdraw bloof and place in tube.
- Centrifuge the blood sample.
- Formed elements
Formed elements:
Plasma
Buffy coat
Erythrocytes
55% of whole blood and least dense component
Plasma
Leukocytes and platelets, 1% of whole body.
Buffy coat
45% of whole blood (hemotocrit), most dense component.
Erythrocytes
Blood - Physical Characteristics:
• Sticky, opaque fluid with a metallic taste
• Color varies from scarlet to dark red.
• Blood is denser than water and about five times more viscous, largely because of the formed elements.
• Slightly alkaline (pH – 7.35-7.45)
Functions of blood:
Protection > Distribution > Regulation > Protection
A pale - yellow fluid that consists of about:
• 91% water
• 7% proteins
• 2% other solutes
Plasma
Plasma consists of
• 91% water
• 7% proteins
• 2% other solutes
Plasma proteins includes:
• Albumin
• Globulin
• Fibrinogen
Contributes to osmotic pressure
Albumin (58%)
Composed of gamma, alpha and beta
Globulin (38%)
Contributes to blood clot
Fibrinogen (4%)
The process of blood cell production
Hematopoiesis
All the formed elements of the blood are derived from a single population of cells
Stem cells
Stem cells composed of:
• 95% of red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• 5% of white blood cells (leukocytes) and blood platelets (thrombocytes)
Red Blood C
Biconcave disk, no nucleus, contains hemoglobin which colors the cell red.
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
6.5-8.5 micrometer in diameter.
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
A microliter of blood contains
5 million of red blood cells.
A microliter of blood contains 5 million of red blood cells.
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Function: Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
a. Hemoglobin consists of globin (two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains) and four heme groups.
b. Iron-containing heme pigment.
Spherical cells with a nucleus
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
A microliter of blood contains 5000-10,000 white blood cells.
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Body’s defense against pathogens
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Five types of White Blood Cells (Leukocytes):
• Neutrophil • Basophil
• Eosinophil
• Lymphocyte
Minute fragments of cells, each consisting of small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by cell membrane.
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
A microliter of blood contains
150,000- 400,000 platelets.
A microliter of blood contains 150,000- 400,000 platelets.
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Function: Preventing Blood loss
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
A laboratory examination of blood yields information that can be used to evaluate a person’s health. This involves CBC, Differential white blood cell count, platelet count, prothrombin time, etc.
Diagnostic Blood tests
Analysis of blood that provides much useful information
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Blood test (Red Blood Count)
Normal Values:
Male: 4.6-6.2 million per microliter of blood
Female: 4.2-5.4 million per microliter of blood
Blood test (Hemoglobin Measurement)
Normal Values:
Male: 14-18 grams per 100mL of blood
Female: 12-16 grams per 100mL of blood
Blood test (Hematocrit Measurement)
Normal Values:
Male: 40-52% of the blood Female: 38-48% of the blood Male: 40-52% of the blood Female: 38-48% of the blood
Blood test (White Blood Count)
5000-9000 per microliter of Blood
Determines the percentage of each of the five kinds of white blood cells.
Differential White Blood Cell
Differential White Blood Cell normally, each kind account for:
• 60-70% - neutrophils
• 20-25%. – lymphocytes • 3-8% - monocytes
• 2-4% - eosinophils
• 0.5-1% - basophils
of the entire white blood cell
The blood’s ability to clot can be assess through platelet counts and prothrombin time measurement.
Clotting
The blood’s ability to clot can be assess through:
Platelet count and Prothrombin Time measurement
Normal value: 150, 000 – 400, 000
platelets per microliter of blood.
Platelet Count
Platelet Count
Normal value: 150, 000 – 400, 000 platelets per microliter of blood.
Platelet Count
calculates how long it takes for the blood to start clotting. Normally – 9-12 seconds.
Prothrombin Time Measurement
The composition of materials dissolved or suspended in the plasma can be used to assess the functioning of many of the body’s systems
Blood chemistry
Glucose, electrolytes, sodium, potassium, chlorides, lipid, etc.
Blood chemistry
Process of blood loss prevention
Hemostatis
It involves many clotting factors normally present in plasma as well as several substances that are released by platelets and injured tissue cells.
Hemostatis
smooth muscle contracts causing vasoconstriction
Vascular Spasm
injury lining of vessel exposes to collagen fibers. Platelets also adhere and release chemicals that cause formation of a plug.
Platelet plug formation
fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBC and platelets forming a clot.
Coagulation
transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another
Transfusion
introduction of a fluid other than blood, such as saline or glucose solution, into the blood.
Infusion
protein that a surface of each red blood cell carries.
Antigen
the blood plasma carries antibodies against the antigens of the other blood types.
Antibodies
clumping or rupture of blood cells and clotting within blood vessels.
Transfusion reaction
Caused by interactions by antigens and antibodies that can result into:
• Agglutination – clumping of blood cells • Hemolysis – rupture of the blood cells
System used to categorize human blood.
ABO Blood Group
the person who gives blood
Donor
the person who receives blood
Recipient
Responsible for hemolytic disease of the newborn, which can occur when the fetus is Rh-positive and the mother is Rh-negative
Rh blood group
Rh-positive blood has
Rh antigen
Rh-negative blood
does not (lacks specific antigen)
