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PHYSL 210A - Hannah’s Version > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Blood

A

a fluid in the circulatory system that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

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2
Q

How much blood do we have in our body?

A

7-8% of body weight (kg); 4.5-6 L in an average person

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3
Q

What are the major functions of blood?

A
  • Transport
    O2, CO2, nutrients, waste products, ions, hormones, and heat
  • Regulation
    ion and pH balance
  • Defense
    immune protection
  • Hemostasis
    Prevention of blood loss
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4
Q

How can blood be separated into different constituents?

A

Centrifuge; as blood has sediment, it can settle into its different components

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5
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A
  • RBCs
  • White Blood Cells
  • Platelets
  • Water
  • Ions
  • Organic molecules (aa, albumins, globulins, fibrinogens, glucose, lipids, nitrogenous bases)
  • Trace elements and vitamins
  • Gases (O2, CO2)
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6
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

% of total blood volume occupied by packed red blood cells

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7
Q

How is hematocrit measured?

A

RBCs/entire volume

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8
Q

What are the normal values for hematocrit in humans?

A
  • 42 +/- 5% (Female)
  • 47 +/- 5% (Male)
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9
Q

What are the major fluid compartments of the body?

A
  • Intracellular (inside cells)
  • Extracellular (outside cells) (Plasma + interstitial fluid)
  • Plasma (non-cellular portion of blood)
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10
Q

What is plasma?

A

Clear, liquid part of blood which transports CO2, nutrients, waste products, and hormones

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11
Q

What are the components of plasma? In what proportions?

A

mainly water (90%) with electrolytes, organic molecules, trace elements and gases; also has plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, and transferrin)

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12
Q

What is serum?

A

Serum = Plasma - Clotting factors

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13
Q

What are the different cell types of blood?

A
  • Red blood cells/erythrocyte
  • White blood cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes)
  • Platelets/thrombocytes
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14
Q

What are the approximate cell counts of blood?

A
  • RBC: 4.2 - 5.4 x 10^6 (F), 4.7- 6.1 x 10^6 (M)
  • WBC: 4.5 -10 x 10^3
  • Platelets: 1.5 - 4 x 10^5
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15
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Process of formation of blood cells

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16
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A
  • Prenatal: yolk sac, liver, spleen
  • Postnatal: bone marrow
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17
Q

What are the factors that stimulate hematopoiesis?

A
  • Cytokines
    Small proteins which are hormone-like in their mechanism of action; they act like growth factors
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18
Q

Describe

The structure of RBC

A
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19
Q

What is the relationship between the structure and function of a RBC?

A
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20
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A
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21
Q

How does the structure of hemoglobin relate to its function?

A
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22
Q

What stimulates the formation of RBCs?

A
23
Q

What is the ultimate fate of a RBC?

A
24
Q

What can go wrong when there are too many RBCs?

A
25
Q

What can go wrong when there are too few RBCs?

A
26
Q

What is abnormal about the hemoglobin structures that leads to sickle cell disease?

A
27
Q

What is the clinical significance of hematocrit measurement?

How do we class people based off their hematocrit measurements?

A
  • Normal (within range)
  • Anemia (lower RBC %)
  • Polycythemia (higher RBC %)
28
Q

What is the concern with having polycythemia?

A

It can cause blood clots resulting in a heart attack, stroke, or pulmonary embolism. This is because the excess RBC thicken the blood, slowing its flow, which increases the risk of blood clots.

29
Q

What is the concern of having anemia?

A

The body does not get enough oxygen-rich blood. The lack of oxygen can make you feel tired or weak. More seriously, it can cause tissue hypoxia.

30
Q

Define

Hemostasis

A

The mechanism that leads to cessation of bleeding from a blood vessel; it stops bleeding and allows the body to start repairing an injury

31
Q

What is the source and function of albumins?

A

Liver, major contributors to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma and carries for various substances

32
Q

What is the source and function of globulins?

A

Liver and lymphoid tissue; clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers for various substances

33
Q

What is the source and function of fibrinogen?

A

Liver; forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting

34
Q

What is the source and function of transferrin?

A

Liver and other tissues; iron transport

35
Q

What are the polymorphonucelar granulocytes and their functions?

A
  • Neutrophil: Phagocyte
  • Eosinophil: Defence against parasites
  • Basophil: Inflammation
Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes with their proportions of total white blood cells
36
Q

What % of total WBC are monocytes?

A

2-8%

37
Q

What is the function(s) of monocytes?

A

Phagocyte, and immune defence

38
Q

What are the types of Lymphocytes and their functions?

A
  • B-Cell: Antibody production, humoral immunity
  • T-Cell: Cellular immunity
39
Q

What is the broad function of platelets?

A

Hemostasis

40
Q

How are WBCs identified?

A

Based on staining (hematoxylin-eosin) characteristics

41
Q

What is the process of hematopoiesis for RBCs?

A
  1. Multipotent hemotopoietic stem cell
  2. Myeloid stem cell
  3. Erythroblast
  4. Reticulocyte
  5. RBC
42
Q

What is the process of hematopoiesis for WBC?

A
  1. Multipotent hematopoietic stem cells
  2. Myeloid stem cell
  3. Myeloblast
  4. WBCs (monocyte, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil)
43
Q

What is the process of hematopoiesis for platelets?

A
  1. Multipotent hematopoietic stem cells
  2. Myeloid stem cell
  3. Megakaryocyte
  4. Platelets
44
Q

What are the stage sites for hematopoiesis for RBC?

A

Starts in bone marrow, and is fully formed in the bloodstream

45
Q

What are the stage sites for hematopoiesis for platelets?

A

Starts in the bone marrow and is fully formed in the blood stream

46
Q

What are the stage sites for hematopoiesis for macrophages?

A

Starts in bone marrow, forms monocytes in blood stream, and is fully formed in the tissues

47
Q

What are the stage sites for hematopoiesis for granulocytes?

A

Starts in bone marrow, goes into blood stream, and is fully formed in the tissues

48
Q

What are the stage sites for hematopoiesis for B-Cells?

A

Starts in the bone marrow, goes to blood stream, and “combines” with T cells in the tissues

49
Q

What are the stage sites for hematopoiesis for T-cells?

A

Starts in bone marrow, goes to thymus gland, then to the blood stream, and finally “combines” with B cells in the tissues

50
Q

What happens to WBCs in tissues?

A

They are able to become differentiated

51
Q

How does the thymus gland relate to hematopoiesis?

A

T cells complete their development in the specialized environment of the thymus gland;

52
Q

Where is the thymus gland?

A

It is below the thyroid gland, down the on top of the trachea, by the heart

53
Q

What is the difference between the thyroid and thymus gland?

A

Your thymus is a gland that helps protect your immune system. Your thyroid is a gland in the endocrine system. It produces hormones that control your growth and metabolism

PHYSL 210A - Hannah’s Version (7 decks)

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