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Molecules > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are anticoagulants?

A

compounds that prevent blood clotting

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2
Q

what is a clotting factor?

A

enzymes/proteins that are required for clot formation

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3
Q

coagulation

A

the conversion of liquid blood to a gel like solid

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4
Q

homeostasis

A

the stopping of bleeding, blood clotting is only a part of homeostasis

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5
Q

platelets

A

very small acellular particles, small pieces budded from special cells, found in whole blood which when activated play an important role in clotting

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6
Q

proteases

A

an enzyme which cleaves peptide bonds in their substrates

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7
Q

proteolysis

A

cleavage of peptide bonds in proteins

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8
Q

thrombin

A

an enzyme (clotting factor) which forms clots

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9
Q

thrombosis

A

formation of dangerous clots

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10
Q

thrombus

A

a blood clot (generally in medicine a clot which occurs in a disease process eg formation of a clot where it is not wanted)

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11
Q

what are the 3 phases of haemostasis

A

vasoconstriction, formation of a platelet plug, coagulation

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12
Q

what is used to prevent coagulation when blood is stored?

A

sodium citrate

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13
Q

what initiates the extrinsic pathway

A

tissue factor released by damaged cell (can be tested by PT)

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14
Q

what initiates the intrinsic pathway?

A

activated platelets (can be tested by APPT)

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15
Q

what is fibrinolysis?

A

the process by which the clot is removed, done by a protein called plasmin

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16
Q

where is plasminogen synthesised

A

in the liver and then circulates in the plasma

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17
Q

how does plasminogen work?

A

it becomes trapped in a clot as it forms, it is activated by a serine protease called tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). tPA converts plasminogen to plasmin which then breaks down the fibrin mesh

18
Q

what does thrombin do?

A

after being turned from inactive thrombin to active prothrombin it facilitates the formation of insoluble fibrin from soluble fibrinogen which leads to the gel like consistency of the clot

19
Q

how does the clot form?

A

a lattice of fibrin strands forms which traps blood cells to create a soft clot then crosslinks form which creates a more stable hard clot

20
Q

what gets rid of the clot?

A

plasmin

21
Q

what does APTT stand for?

A

activated partial thromboplastin clotting time

22
Q

what is APTT?

A

A clinical test used to measure and evaluate all the clotting factors in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of the clotting cascade

23
Q

how is the extrinsic pathway tested for?

A

PT (prothrombin time)

24
Q

how is the intrinsic pathway tested for?

A

APTT (activated partial thromboplastin clotting time)

25
Q

where do the pathways converge?

A

at coagulation factor X to Xa. (clotting factor 10) prothrombin to thrombin

26
Q

where in the coagulation cascade is there a positive feedback system?

A

at thrombin as thrombin stimulates its own formation.

27
Q

what is normal plasma?

A

plasma prepared from a bulk sample of plasmas obtained from at least 100 donors.

28
Q

what is EDTA?

A

an effective calcium ion chelator

29
Q

when does clotting occur?

A

when soluble fibrinogen is converted to insoluble fibrin

29
Q

what cell releases heparin?

A

mast cells. it is also an anticoagulant that has Many clinical uses.

30
Q

what is fibrinolysis?

A

process by which a clot is removed.

31
Q

where is plasminogen synthesised?

A

in the liver and then circulates in the plasma

32
Q

what factor is released in the extrinsic pathway when there is damage to the vessel wall?

A

endothelial cells will release factor III

33
Q

what happens when the intrinsic pathway is initiated?

A

blood is exposed to collagen

34
Q

where do the platelets stick to?

A

the collagen, they swell up, become irregular in shape and release granules

35
Q

how is plasminogen activated?

A

by a serine protease called tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). tPA converts plasminogen to plasmin

36
Q

What does the liver need to produce some clotting factors?

A

Vitamin K

37
Q

What does warfarin do?

A

Blocks some of the enzymes that produce vitamin K to produce clotting factos. Therefor works as a vitamin K antagonist

38
Q

What type of cell would be found in the buffy coat?

A

Platelets

39
Q

What is in the buffy coat?

A

Lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, platelets

Molecules (5 decks)

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