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body fluids and circulation > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

blood is which type of tissue

A

special connective tissue

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2
Q

what does blood contain

A

fluid marix called plasma
formed elements

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3
Q

what colour is plasma

A

straw coloured

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4
Q

how much percent of blood is plasma

A

55

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5
Q

plasma is how much percent water and how much percent proteins

A

90-92
6-8

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6
Q

major proteins in plasma

A

fibrionogen
globulins
albumins

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7
Q

function of fibrinogen

A

clotting / coagulation of blood
(present in inactive form)

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8
Q

function of globulin

A

involved in defense mechanisms of body

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9
Q

function of albumin

A

help in osmotic balance

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10
Q

what minerals are also present in plasma in small amounts

A

Na+, Ca++, Mg++, HCO3-, Cl-, etc

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11
Q

plasma without fibrinogen is called

A

serum

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12
Q

what are formed elements

A

erythrocytes
leucocytes
platelets

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13
Q

how much percent of blood are formed elements

A

45

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14
Q

which is the most abundant of all cells in blood

A

erythrocytes

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15
Q

how many rbcs does a healthy man on average have

A

5 to 5.5 million per mm^3 of blood

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16
Q

where are rbcs formed in adults

A

red bone marrow

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17
Q

do rbc have a nucleus
what is their shape

A

no
biconcave

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18
Q

iron containing protein in rbc

A

haemoglobin

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19
Q

how much haemoglobin does a healthy person have

A

12 to 16 gm per 100 ml of blood

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20
Q

average lifespan of rbc

A

120 days

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21
Q

where are rbc destroyed and what is that organ called

A

spleen
graveyard of rbcs

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22
Q

why are leucocytes colourless

A

due to lack of haemoglobin

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23
Q

do wbc have a nucleus

A

yes

24
Q

how many wbc does a healthy person have

A

6000 to 8000 per mm^3 of blood

25
Q

two main categories of wbc

A

granulocytes
agranulocytes

26
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophiles

27
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes
monocytes

28
Q

which cell is most abundant of total wbc in blood and which is the least

A

neutrophils (60 - 65%)
basophils (0.5 - 1%)

29
Q

which wbc are phagocytic

A

neutrophils
monocytes

30
Q

percentage of monocytes in blood

A

6-8

31
Q

function of basophil

A

secretion of histamine, serotonin, heparin
involved in inflammatory reactions

32
Q

percentage of eosinophils in blood

A

2-3

33
Q

function of eosinophils

A

resist infections
associated with allergic reactions

34
Q

percentage of lymphocytes

A

20-25

35
Q

two major types of lymphocytes

A

B and T

36
Q

function of lymphocytes

A

immune responses of body

37
Q

platelets are also called

A

thrombocytes

38
Q

how are platelets produced

A

platelets are cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes which are special cells in the bone marrow

39
Q

amount in platelets in blood

A

1,50,000 to 3,50,000 per mm^3

40
Q

what does reduction of platelets lead to

A

clotting disorders which will lead to excessive loss of blood from body

41
Q

widely used groupings of blood

A

ABO and Rh

42
Q

what are antigens

A

chemicals that induce immune response

43
Q

two antigens on rbc in ABO grouping

A

A
B

44
Q

if imcompatible blood is accidentally transfused to a recipient, what happens

A

clumping of blood (destruction of rbc)

45
Q

four blood groups in ABO grouping

A

A
B
AB
O

46
Q

universal donor

A

O

47
Q

universal recipient

A

AB

48
Q

in Rh grouping, Rh antigen on rbc is similar to one present in which animal

A

rhesus monkey

49
Q

special case of Rh incompatibility

A

Rh-ve blood of pregnant mother with Rh+ve blood of foetus

50
Q

the imcompatible blood of mother and foetus are well separated by which organ

A

placenta

51
Q

when is there a possibility of incompatible blood of mother and foetus mixing and what happens

A

during delivery
mother starts preparing antibodies against Rh antigen

52
Q

what about her subsequent pregnancies

A

Rh-ve blood of mother could leak into blood of Rh+ve foetus and destroy foetal rbcs
fatal to foetus or could cause severe anaemia and jaundice

53
Q

Rh-ve blood of mother could leak into blood of Rh+ve foetus and destroy foetal rbcs
this condition is called

A

erythroblastosis foetalis
haemolytic disease of new born

54
Q

how can erythroblastosis foetalis be avoided

A

by administering anti-Rh antibodies to mother immediately after delivery of first child
rhogam vaccine

55
Q

with what is a clot or coagulam formed

A

network of threads called fibrins

56
Q

how are fibrins formed

A

platelets release substances to start a cascade process to form enzyme thrombokinase which surpervises prothrombin to thrombin
enzyme thrombin supervises fibrinogen to fibrins
calcium ions are required in each step

57
Q

how is mechanism of clotting stimulated

A

injury or trauma stimulates platelets in blood to release certain factors

body fluids and circulation (6 decks)

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