blood Flashcards
1
Q
4 functions of blood
A
- transport of substance in blood
- regulation of ion an ph balance
- defense and immune protection
- homeostasis or the prevention of blood loss
2
Q
when separated by centrifugation…
A
upper layer is plasma (55%)
middle layer is buffy coat; white blood cells and platelets (<1%)
bottom layer is red blood cells (45%)
3
Q
hematocrit
A
% of total blood volume occupied by packed red blood cells
x/y x 100% x=volume of packed red blood cells y=total blood volume
4
Q
plasma
A
liquid portion of blood containing water, electrolytes, organic molecules, trace elements, gases
5
Q
4 classes of plasma proteins
A
albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, transferrin
6
Q
plasma proteins major site of synthesis
A
liver
7
Q
albumins
A
contribute to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma, carry/transport substances in plasma
8
Q
globulins
A
clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers for various substances in plasma
9
Q
fibrinogen
A
forms fibrinogen threads for blood clotting
10
Q
transferrin
A
transport of iron
11
Q
3 types of blood cells
A
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
white blood cells (leukocytes)
platelets (thrombocytes)
12
Q
rbc function
A
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
13
Q
neutrophils
A
phagocytes
14
Q
eosinophiles
A
defense against parasites
15
Q
basophils
A
inflammation
16
Q
monocytes
A
phagocytes and immune defense: leave the blood stream and are transformed into tissue macrophages
17
Q
2 types of lymphocytes
A
b-cell
t-cell
18
Q
b-cell
A
antibody production and humoral immunity
19
Q
t-cell
A
cellular immunity
20
Q
hemotoposesis
A
process of formation of blood cells
before birth - yolk sac, liver, spleen
after birth - bone marrow
21
Q
erythropoietin
A
regulates production of rbc
22
Q
thrombopoietin
A
regulation production of platelets
23
Q
hemoglobin
A
composed of heme (non protein) and globin (protein)
4 globin chains (2 alpha and 2 beta)
each iron can bind a single oxygen; therefore each hemoglobin can bind to 4 oxygen
24
Q
3 factors essential for rbc production
A
- cytokines - erthropoietin stimulates rbc production
- dietary factors - iron need in Hb, folic acid, and vB12
- intrinsic factor - made by cells in the stomach and needed for absorption of vB12
25
hypoxia
low oxygen conc in blood
26
how do old and damaged rbc get recycled
taken up by macrophages in spleen by phagocytosis
27
how is iron recylced
absorbed into blood for erythropoiesis or stored in spleen or lover bound to ferritin
28
how is biliverdin recycled
converted to bilirubin
secreted into bile and enters small intestine
29
how is heme recycled
broken down into iron and biliverdin
30
how is globin recylced
broken down into amino acids
31
anemia
decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood due to deficiency of rbcs and/or hemoglobin contained in the rbcs
32
factors leading to anemia
lack of iron
pernicious anemia - lack of intrinsic factor or vb12
aplastic anemia - damage to bone marrow due to radiation/drugs
chronic kidney disease
hemolytic anemia - increased breakdown of rbc
hemorrhagic anemia - increased blood loss
abnormal structure of hemoglobin
33
sickle cell disease
have abnormal hemoglobin
leads to hemolytic anemia
34
immunity
the process that help a cell or the interior of out body defend against anything foreign
35
2 types of immunity
innate (natural)
acquired (adaptive/specific)
36
innate/natural immunity
born with
non-specific defenses
- phagocytes
fast
37
acquired/adaptive/specific immunity
over time from exposure
wbc
memory
lymphocytes
- antibodies
38
lymphocytes production
begins in bone marrow
migrates to thymus to complete development
39
what is the purpose of inflammation
to cause healing and resolve injury, destruction of non-self agents and formation of scar tissue
40
histamine
causes vasodilation of blood vessels, increases blood flow
blood vessels become more leaky allowing proteins and fluid to move to the extracellular space
41
2 major components of acute short term inflammation
vascular events
cellular events
42
vascular events
refers to events involving the blood vessels
- release of histamine
- local blood vessels dilate
- become leaky
43
cellular events
refers to events associated with cells
- resident macrophages entrap and kill pathogens, release chemical signals
44
cellular event of inflammation
1. margination of wbcs
2. tethering and rolling of wbcs inside the vessel - attaching of wbc to endothelial cells
3. activation of wbc and endothelial cells
4. neutrophils bind to complementary proteins on endothelial cells
5. emigration/diapedesis - wbc move into tissue spaces
6. chemotaxis of wbc - move toward site
7. recognition of non-self wbc
8. phagocytosis of non self pathogen by wbc
45
chemotaxis
the ability of wbcs to move against a concentration gradient
46
opsonins
molecules added to the surface of a bacteria to help in speeding up the rate of phagocytosis by macrophages or other phagocytic cells
produced by self or host body
47
opsonization
coating of the bacteria with opsonins produced by the host body which then facilitates the attachment and phagocytosis of the bacteria
48
neutrophiles
kill bacteria by oxygen dependent (corrosive free radical products) process of independent process (bactericidal enzymes)
49
lysozymes
enzymes which work inside phagolysozymes to degrade entire bacteria by proteolytic breakdown
50
lactoferrin
binds to iron and reduces iron in the environment so that bacteria cannot grow
51
defensins
drill holes on the surface of bacteria
52
function of activated complement proteins
OIL
opsonization
inflammation mediator
lysis
53
MAC
membrane attack complex
activated complement proteins may kill a pathogen by forming mac
54
b-lymphocytes
remain in bone marrow for development
55
t-lymphocytes
leave bone marrow during development and move to thymus gland to complete development
56
peripheral lymphoid tissues or node
where lymphocytes come in contact with foreign antigens and fully mature
57
roles of b and t lymphocytes in acquired immunity
3R's
recognize
respond
remember
58
antigens
molecules that are specifically recognized by an antibody to form an antigen-antibody complex
59
immunogen
an antigen that can activate an immune response
60
antibody
belongs to the globulin class of plasma proteins
61
humoral immunity
the aspect of immunity mediated by macromolecules such as secreted free-circulating antibodies found in the humors, or body fluids
developed when naive b cells in the lymph nodes are exposed to foreign antigens
62
during antigen-specific clonal expression two groups of b cells are formed
plasma cells
memory cells
63
plasma cells
synthesize antibodies specific to the foreign antigen that initiated the clonal expression
short-term
64
memory cells
long-lived cells which retain the memory of the first exposure for many years
65
cellular immunity
an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather activation of phagocytes, t-cells and the release of various cytokines
66
t cell perform the three r's
recognize
respond
remember
67
antigen presentation
a process whereby a host cell, such as a macrophage engulfs the foreign protein or antigen and present it to the t cell complexed with the host proteins
68
two types of mhc cells
mhc I found in virtually all nucleated cells
mhc II found specifically in antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells
69
active immunity
direct exposure to the antigen or exposure by vaccination
70
passive immunity
occurs when pre-formed antibodies are transferred from a mother to the fetus
71
hemostasis
the prevention of blood loss
platelets are important
72
steps of hemostasis
1. vasoconstriction
2. primary hemostasis or platelet plug formation (white thrombus)
3. secondary hemostasis or blood clotting/coagulation (red thrombus)
73
where do platelts come from
platelets = thrombocytes
originate from the pluripotent stem cells of the bone marrow
pluripotent stem cells are converted to megakaryocytes
platelets are pinched off from the cytoplasmic part of megakaryocytes
74
platelets function
contain glycogen for energy, contractile proteins actin and myosin, surface glycoproteins which act as receptors, canaliculi
75
alpha granules of platelets
contain large molecules
adhesive protein von willebrand factor, growth factors, some blood clotting factors, cytokines
76
dense granules of platelets
contain small molecules
adp, atp. serotonin, calcium
77
steps of platelet plug formation (primary hemostasis)
1. adhesion - use von willebrand factor (changes conformation to bind to platelets)
2. activation of platelets - serotonin and adp, thromboxane A2
3. aggregation of platelets
78
why does the plug not expand along the undamaged endothelium of the blood vessel
adjacent undamaged endothelial cell synthesize and release prostacyclin, and nitric oxide which inhibits the spread of the platelet plug along undamaged endothelium
79
arachidonic acid in the lipoxygenase pathway
converted to leukotrienes by the enzyme lipoxygenase and these chemicals initiate inflammatory response of swelling
80
arachidonic acid in the cyclooxygenase pathway
converted to prostaglandins by enzyme COX
81
effect of aspirin on hemostasis
prevents clot formation, inhibits actions of both cox1 and 2
82
secondary hemostasis
occurs following a platelet plug formation, involves a cascade of enzyme (clotting factors) activation
formation of gel-like fibrin clot, create red thrombus
83
four important factors in blood clotting
1 fibrinogen
2 prothrombin
3 tissue thromboplastin
4 calcium
84
where are blood clotting factors synthesized
liver
85
key step of blood clotting
generation of the active thrombin enzyme in the clot formation pathway
86
what factor activates thrombin
factor Xa
87
intrinsic pathway of blood clotting trigger
activation of factor XII (by contact with damaged blood vessel wall) to form XII1
88
extrinsic pathway of blood clotting trigger
activated when factor VII comes in contact with tissue products and tissue factor outside a blood vessel
VIIa activates factor X
89
hemophiliacs
individuals that lack factor VII and experience severe bleeding
90
what does thrombin do in the clotting pathwat
activates platelets,
converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
activates factor V, VIII, XI, XIII
anti-coagulant activity
91
anticoagulants
prevent clot formation where and when it is not required
92
fibrinolysis
the enzymatic breakdown of the fibrin in blood clots
93
natural anticoagulants in the body
tissue factory pathway inhibitor - inhibits factor III (tissue factor)
antithrombin 3 - inhibits thrombin
thrombomodulin - binds to thrombin to prevent clot
94
clinical anticoagulants
calcium chelators - bind ionized calcium preventing clotting factors
heparin - inc activity of antithrombin 3
vitamin k antagonists - inhibit synthesis of factors
95
what breaks down a clot
plasminogen
- tPA
96
antigens are found
on the surface of red blood cells
97
antibodies are found
in the blood
98
agglutination
a process in which the surface antigens on the rbc are bound to antibodies to form a clump followed by hemolysis or the rupture or destruction of rbc
