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ANS Flashcards

1
Q

ans functions

A

maintain homeostasis
respond to stress
regulates day to day functions

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2
Q

afferent pathway

A

carries nerve impulses from the periphery to the cns

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3
Q

efferent pathway

A

carries nerve impulses away from the cns to various targets

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4
Q

what does the ANS innervate

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
- excitation or inhibition
- 2 neuron chain
- ach, ne, e
- involuntary

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5
Q

preganglionic neuron

A

first neuron, cell body found within the cns. axons terminate in ganglion, axon is myelinated

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6
Q

ganglion

A

a cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the cns

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7
Q

postganglionic neuron

A

second neuron, cell body found withing the ganglion, neuron send its axon to the target tissue, axon is unmyelinated

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8
Q

what is the efferent division of the ans composed of

A

sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, enteric nervous system

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9
Q

sympathetic division

A

cell bodies are located in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, specifically thoracic level 1 to 12 and lumbar regions 1 and 2
(T1-T12 and L1, L2)

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10
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

cell bodies are located in the brainstem and sacral regions, S2 to S4, of the spinal cord. cranial nerves 3,7,9,10 carry parasympathetic fibers
(CRANIAL NERVES 3,7,9,10 and S2-S4)

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11
Q

what region are the cell bodies of preganglionic fibers located, where do they pass through

A

lateral region of the grey matter
ventral roots, join the spinal nerve and then branch off to a ganglion

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12
Q

parasympathetic division

A

sacral region of spinal cord
- long preganglionic fiber and short postganglionic fiber

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13
Q

3 pathways a sympathetic preganglionic fiber can take

A
  1. synpase immediately with a postganglionic neuron in sympathetic ganglion at same level
  2. travel up or down the chain and synpase in ganglia at other level
  3. pass through chain without synapsing, continue to collateral ganglion as splanchnic nerve
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14
Q

communication rami

A

branches, or connection, between the spinal nerve and the ganglia

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15
Q

white ramus communicans

A

the branch that leads into the ganglion from the spinal nerve
- myelinated preganglionic fiber

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16
Q

grey ramus communicans

A

the branch that goes back into the spinal nerve
- unmyelinated postganglionic fiber

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17
Q

two main locations and types of ganglia

A
  1. sympathetic chain ganglia or sympathetic trunk (paravertebral ganglia - parallel to the vertebral column)
  2. collateral ganglia (prevertebral ganglia - front of the vertebrae column)
    preganglionic fibers are short, postganglionic fibers are long
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18
Q

varicosity

A

chains of swellings along the branches of a postganglionic fiber that contain synaptic vesicles which release neurotransmitter
- found on both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers
- on nerve terminal, spread along the surface of the target tissue/organ, allowing a chemical messenger to spread rapidly

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19
Q

components of the sympathoadrenal system

A

adrenal glands
adrenal medulla

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20
Q

adrenal glands

A

hormone producing glands that sit above the kidneys
- outer region called adrenal cortex, central region called adrenal medulla

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21
Q

adrenal medulla

A

innervated by sympathetic preganglionic fibers
acts as a modified sympathetic post-ganglionic fiber

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22
Q

chromaffin cells

A

produce, store and release hormones (E and NE)

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23
Q

Ach

A

transmitter at all autonomic ganglia (released from preganglionic fibers in both sympathetic and parasympathetic)
- acts on postganglionic fiber

24
Q

parasympathetic tramsitter

A

ach released from postganglionic parasympathetic fibers and acts on target tissue (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)

25
sympathetic transmitter
NE released from postganglionic sympathetic fibers and acts on most target tissues (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
26
adrenal medulla
innervated by sympathetic preganglionic fibers which releases ach which causes chromaffin cells to release e and ne into the blood
27
cholinergic refers to
ach
28
ach is formed from
acetyl coa and choline
29
events at a noradrenergic varicosity
-NE synthesized from tyrosine - release of NE occurs when an action potential comes down the sympathetic postganglionic fiber and causes the opening of calcium channels; NE released by exocytosis - NE binds to adrenergic receptors on the target tissue membrane
30
how is NE action terminated
reuptake into the nerve terminal
31
ach is released from
-autonomic ganglia (parasympathetic and sympathetic) - parasympathetic postganglionic endings - a few sympathetic postganglionic endings
32
NE is released from
- most sympathetic postganglionic endings - adrenal medulla
33
major receptors
ach - binds to cholinergic receptors - two types: muscarinic and nicotinic Ne and E - bind to adrenergic receptors - always found on the target tissues - 2 alpha and 3 beta subtypes
34
nicotinic receptors
present in nervous tissue (autonomic ganglia) found on adrenal medulla and binds ach released from the sympathetic preganglionic fiber
35
muscarinic receptors
always found on the target tissues - 5 subtypes: M1-5
36
how nicotinic receptors work
an ionotropic receptor forms an ion channel following the binding of a ligand; ligand-gated ion channels - dough-but shape with 5 subunits which have a pore in the middle - 2 binding sites for ach - binding of ach causes a change in conformation of the receptor molecule, causing it to open up, allowing ions to move through the pore
37
how muscarinic and adrenergic receptors work
metabotropic receptors membrane receptor that initiates the formation of second messengers following the binding of a ligand - serpentine shape - 7 transmembrane domains
38
mechanism of nicotinic receptors
AT THE AUTONOMIC GANGLIA - action potential arrive at preg fiber. opens voltage-gated calcium channels and calcium enters preg fiber - inc in ca causes vesicles containing ach to fuse to the membrane of the preg fibers and release ach into the synapse - ach moves to postg fibers and binds to a Nn (ligan-gated channel0 - binding of ach opens an ion channel in the receptor, Na enters postg - Na brings positive charge, but not enough for an action potential, EPSP generated - EPSP causes opening of voltage gated Na channels in the postg, allowing larger influx of Na into postg - threshold reached and action potential generated in postg
39
mechanism of muscarinic and adrenergic receptors
- binding of ach to m of ne/e to a produce a response through a G-protein coupled mechanism - ach/ne/e bind to receptor on target tissue causing a conformational change - causes conformational change in G-protein - G-protein binds to GTP - gains energy - g-protein will change activity of an enzyme - activated enzyme converts a molecule to a second messenger - the second messenger activates a cytosolic protein kinase which phosphorylates proteins in the cell, producing a response
40
parasympathetic
rest and digest
41
sympathetic
fight, flight, freeze
42
what organs/tissues receive sympathetic innervation only
- most blood vessels - sweat glands - adrenal medulla
43
what organs/tissues do not receive parasympathetic innervation
- most blood vessels (except blood vessels of genitalia) - sweat glands - adrenal medulla
44
horner's syndrome
disorder of the and usually affects on side of the face only symptoms: constriction of the pupil (myosis), drooping of eyelid (ptosis), lack of sweating (anhidrosis), dilation of blood vessels (flushing)
45
general scheme for reflex arc
stimulus -> sensor -> afferent (sensory) pathway ->integrator (brain and spinal cord) -> efferent (motor) pathway -> effector (3 targets) -> response
46
major integrating centers for autonomic responses
- hypothalamus - head integrating center for the ans (head ganglion) - brainstem (medulla) - spinal cord - regulates urination, defecation, erection
47
micturition
urination
48
internal urethral sphincter
made of smooth muscle and innervated by the ans
49
external urethral sphincter
made of skeletal muscle and under the voluntary control of the sns
50
when there is low volume in bladder
- low parasympathetic activity; bladder does not contract - tonic somatic activity; external sphincter contracts
51
when there is high volume in bladder
- high parasympathetic activity; bladder contracts - removal of tonic somatic activity; external sphincter relaxes and urination occurs
52
temp regulation... too cold
- inc sympathetic activity = inc metabolism and inc heat production - dec sa = dec sweating and decrease heat loss - inc sa = vasoconstriction of blood vessels in skin to decrease heat loss - inc sa = piloerection
53
temp regulation...too hot
- dec sa = dec metabolism and dec heat production - inc sa = inc sweating and inc heat loss (ach0 - dec sa = reduce vasoconstriction of blood vessels in skin to inc heat loss - dec sa = no piloerection
54
drugs affect
- synthesis of the transmitter ach or ne - storage of the transmitter within vesicles - release of the neurotransmitters - breakdown of the transmitter - action of a transmitter on different receptors
55
agonist
drug which mimics the action of the normal transmitter when they react with receptors
56
antagonist
drug which block, inhibits, the action of the physiological transmitter upon binding to a receptor

physiology (12 decks)

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