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A&P > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

primary blood protein is

A

albumin

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2
Q

albumin…

A

-blood buffer
-contributes to osmotic pressure
-keeps water in blood vessels
-a low level of albumin could indicate a liver issue

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3
Q

functions of blood

A

TRANSPORT (delivers O2 to cells, outprocess metabolic waste, delivers hormones from endocrine organs), REGULATION (absorb and distribute body heat, adequate fluid volume), PROTECTION (clot formation, antibodies)

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4
Q

formed elements of blood

A

erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), platelets

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5
Q

water makes up ___% of plasma volume and it absorbs _____

A

90, heat

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6
Q

Blood is a type of _____________ tissue. It is made up of _______ (plasma) and _______ _______ (cells). The cells are suspended in _________.

A

connective, matrix, formed elements, plasma

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7
Q

percentage of blood volume that is RBCs

A

hematocrit

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8
Q

High O2 blood is a ________ color

A

bright red

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9
Q

Low O2 blood is a ________ color

A

dark red

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10
Q

Male volume blood ___ female volume of blood. Males on average have a higher VOLUME because males on average are larger in size than females. Males also have a higher amount of __________ than females because testosterone increases the amount of production overall

A

> , hemoglobin

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11
Q

Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg+, Cl-, Pa-, helps maintain osmotic pressure and normal blood pH

A

electrolytes

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12
Q

produced by the liver, most are transport proteins that bind to lipids

A

globulins

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13
Q

produced by liver and forms fibrin threads of blood clot

A

fibrinogen

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14
Q

by-products of cellular metabolism (i.e. urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonium salts)

A

non-protein nitrogenous substances

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15
Q

RBCs have no…., but WBCs are ________

A

nuclei or organelles, complete

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16
Q

RBCs have no _______________. They don’t consume the O2 that they transport.

A

mitochondria

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17
Q

Erythrocytes contribute to….

A

efficient gas transport

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18
Q

Each Hb molecule can transport ____ O2

A

four

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19
Q

formation of all blood cells that occurs in red bone marrow

A

hematopoiesis

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20
Q

cell that gives rise to all formed elements

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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21
Q

Too few RBCs leads to tissue __________. Too many RBCs increase blood _________.

A

hypoxia, viscosity

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22
Q

hormone that stimulate formation of RBCs, released by kidneys/liver in response to hypoxia

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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23
Q

At ____ O2 levels, O2 sensitive enzymes in kidney cells cannot degrade the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). When HIF accumulates, this triggers _____ synthesis.

A

low, EPO

24
Q

Causes of hypoxia

A

decreased RBC counts due to hemorrhage, insufficient hemoglobin per RBC (iron deficiency), reduced availability of O2 (high altitudes, pneumonia)

25
Q

EPO causes erythrocytes to mature faster. ___________ enhances EPO production, resulting in higher RBC counts in males

A

Testosterone

26
Q

Erythropoiesis
1. Stimulus: _________ due to decreased RBC count, hemoglobin, O2 availability
2. Kidney (liver sometimes) releases erythropoietin (_____)
3. EPO stimulates ___________________
4. Enhanced erythropoiesis increases _____ count
5. ____ carrying ability of blood rises

A

hypoxia, EPO, red bone marrow, RBC, O2

27
Q

Athletes sometimes use artificial _____ to increase hematocrit, which increases stamina. Excessive EPO can concentrate blood to a dangerous level; blood becomes like ________ and can cause clotting, stroke, or heart failure

A

EPO, sludge

28
Q

RBCs are ________ so they cannot synthesize new proteins or divide.

A

anucleate

29
Q

65% of ______ is found in hemoglobin. The rest is found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow

A

iron

30
Q

Life Cycle of RBC
1. Low ___ levels in blood stimulate ________ to produce EPO
2. ____ levels rise in blood
3. EPO promotes erythropoiesis in red bone marrow
4. New __________ enter bloodstream
5. Aged/damaged RBCs are engulfed by __________ of the spleen/liver/bone marrow

A

O2, kidneys, EPO, erythrocytes, macrophages

31
Q

blood has abnormally low O2 carrying capacity that is too low to support normal metabolism (blood loss, not enough RBCs produces, too many RBCs being destroyed)

A

anemia

32
Q

rapid blood loss (slight but persistent), could be caused by hemorrhoids or a bleed ulcer

A

hemorrhagic anemia

33
Q

can be caused by hemorrhagic anemia, low iron intake/absorption, RBCs called microcytes are too small to synthesize hemoglobin due to lack of iron

A

iron-deficiency anemia

34
Q

autoimmune disease destroys stomach mucosa that produces the intrinsic factor, which is needed to absorb B12; B12 is needed to help RBCs divide, so RBCs enlarge and cannot divide. Can be caused by low B12 intake (usually a problem for vegetarians)

A

pernicious anemia

35
Q

Pernicious anemia is caused by an autoimmune disease destroys stomach mucosa that produces the _______ ________ which is needed to absorb B12; B12 is needed to help RBCs _______, so RBCs enlarge and cannot divide. Can be caused by low B12 intake (usually a problem for vegetarians)

A

intrinsic factor, divide

36
Q

caused by lack of EPO, kidneys cannot produce enough EPO (renal failure)

A

renal anemia

37
Q

caused by destroyed red bone marrow, all formed element lines affects

A

aplastic anemia

38
Q

RBCs are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin

A

thalassemias

39
Q

excess of RBCs, increase blood viscosity leading to sluggish blood flow, caused by bone marrow cancer

A

polycythemia vera

40
Q

excess of RBCs, increase blood viscosity leading to sluggish blood flow, caused by low O2 levels, increased EPO production

A

secondary polycythemia

41
Q

small RBC caused by thalassemia or iron deficiency

A

microcytic anemia

42
Q

normal size RBC, caused by hemorrhage

A

normocytic anemia

43
Q

large RBC, caused by vit B12 deficiency

A

macrocytic anemia

44
Q

only formed element that is a complete cell with nuclei and organelles

A

leukocytes (WBC)

45
Q

granulocytes are grouped into two major categories…

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

46
Q

contain visible cytoplasmic granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

A

granulocytes

47
Q

do not contain cytoplasmic granules (lymphocytes, monocytes)

A

agranulocytes

48
Q

most numerous of WBCs, granules contain hydrolytic enzymes or antimicrobial proteins, very phagocytic,

A

neutrophils

49
Q

play a role in asthma and allergies, kill parasitic worms

A

eosinophils

50
Q

rarest of WBCs, contains histamine (inflammatory chemical that acts as vasodilator and attracts WBCs to inflamed sites)

A

basophils

51
Q

production of WBCs

A

leukopoiesis

52
Q

overproduction of abnormal WBCs; acute derives from stem cells and chronic derives from proliferation of cells from later cell stages

A

leukemia

53
Q

regulates platelet formation

A

thrombopoietin

54
Q

fast series of reaction for stoppage of bleeding

A

hemostasis

55
Q

Steps of Hemostasis
1. Vascular Spasm: reduces blood flow, _____________
2. Platelet Plug Formation: platelets stick to _________ fibers that are exposed when vessel is damaged
3. Coagulation: reinforces _______ plug with fibrin threads

A

vasoconstriction, collagen, platelet

56
Q

vessel endothelium ruptures exposing underlying tissues

A

intrinsic pathway

57
Q

tissue cell trauma exposes blood to

A

extrinsic pathway

A&P (5 decks)

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