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KIN371 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of Blood?

A

1) Transport
2) Electrochemical Regulation
3) Restriction of fluid loss due to damage
4) Defence
5) Temperature Homeostasis

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2
Q

What does the Blood transport?

A

Gases
Nutrients
Hormones
Waste Products

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3
Q

What does the Blood help regulate?

A

pH

Electrolyte composition of interstitial fluid

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4
Q

What percent of body weight does blood make up?

A

8%

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5
Q

In blood, how much is plasma and how much is formed elements [RBCs, WBCs]?

A

55% Plasma

45% Formed Elements

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6
Q

What does plasma consists of?

A

7% Proteins [Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen]
91% Water
2% Other Solutes [ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, regulatory substances]

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7
Q

How many formed elements are there per cubic mm?

A

250-400,000 Thrombocytes
5-9,000 Leukocytes [WBCs]
4.2-5.8m Erythrocytes [RBCs]

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8
Q

What do the Leukocytes consist of?

A 
60-70% Neutrophils
20-25% Lymphocytes
3-8% Monocytes
2-4% Eosinophils
0.5-1% Basophils
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9
Q

What is the function of Albumins?

A

Maintain osmotic pressure of the Plasma [make up 60% of plasma proteins]

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10
Q

What is the function of the Globulins?

A

Include Antibodies [Ig, Immunoglobulins]
Antibodies aid in Immunity
Transport proteins bind to substances to prevent their loss at the kidneys

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11
Q

What is the function of Fibrinogen?

A

Blood Clotting

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12
Q

What are the Erythrocytes?

A

RBCs
Contain Hb to bind and transport O2/CO2
Large SA:V ideal for maximising diffusion rates
Flexible so can pass through narrow capillaries
No nucleus - loose most of other organelles as well

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13
Q

What is Haemoglobin [Hb]?

A

Tranports O2/CO2 [>95% of RBC Protein]

Quaternary structure that contains 4 subunits [each with molecule of Haem]

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14
Q

What is a difference between Adult and Foetal Haemoglobin?

A

Foetal Haemoglobin binds O2 more readily than Hb of Adults

Foetus can “steal” O2 from maternal bloodstream

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15
Q

What is Erythropoiesis?

A

RBC/Erythrocyte Formation:

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16
Q

Where does Erythropoiesis occur?

A

In Red Bone Marrow

17
Q

What happens in Erythropoiesis?

A

1) Haemocytoblasts in red marrow produce myeloid stem cells which produce RBCs
2) Erythroblasts [immature RBCs] produce Hb [stage lasts 4D]
3) Nucleus is shed and cell becomes Reticulocyte [enter circ after 2+D in marrow]
4) After 24hrs in circulation, Reticulocyte becomes mature Erythrocyte

18
Q

What is Erythropoietin [EPO]?

A

Hormone that stimulates Erythropoiesis

19
Q

When is EPO released?

A

Release is stimulated by low O2 levels [Hypoxia]
1) Released during anaemia [b/c blood flow to kidneys declines] and low O2 in air or the lungs [due to environment/disease]

20
Q

What does EPO stimulate?

A

Stimulates division of Erythroblasts and Myeloid Stem Cells

Speeds up RBC maturation by increasing Hb synthesis

21
Q

Why is EPO controversial?

A

Athletes use synthetic EPO to increase amount of O2 available for exercise

22
Q

What are other examples of Blood Doping in Sport?

A

Synthetic Haemoglobin can be injected in increase O2 capabilities

23
Q

What are the different blood types?

A

A+/A-
B+/B-
AB+/AB- [Universal Receiver]
O+/O- [Universal Donor]

24
Q

When does blood clotting occur?

A

Occurs when blood vessel has been damaged

25
Q

What occurs in Blood Clotting?

A

1) Clotting factors in plasma converted to active enzymes tha direct essential reactions
2) Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways respond to damage w/in seconds [start releasing Clotting Factors]
3) Thrombocytes are vital to the process of blood clotting [via intrinsic pathway] and are immediately rushed to the area of damage

26
Q

What is a summary of the common pathway in clotting?

A

1) Tissue/Vessel Damage
2) Factor X activated via intrinsic/extrinsic pathways
3) Prothrombinase converts Prothrombin into Thrombin
4) Thrombin converts Fibrinogen into Fibrin
5) Fibrin forms clot

KIN371 (11 decks)

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