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Cardiovascular > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the blood

A

A fluid type of connective tissue
Composed of plasma (55) & cells (45)
Accounts for 7% body weight

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2
Q

Functions of the blood

A

Contributes to homeostasis by transporting o2, co2, nutrients, wastes & hormones
Helps regulate pH & temperature
Immune function with antibodies, phagocytes, clotting factors etc

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3
Q

What is blood plasma

A 
The yellow coloured liquid that remains when cells are removed from blood
Consists of:
Mostly water (91)
Proteins (7)
Mineral salts (0.9)
Nutrients
Organic waste materials
Hormones
Enzymes
Gases
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4
Q

How is blood plasma separated from blood cells

A

With the use of a centrifuge, where blood is spun to separate the contents based on density

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5
Q

What is serum

A

Blood plasma with clotting factors removed

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6
Q

What are hepatocytes

A

Liver cells

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7
Q

What are the three proteins found in blood plasma

A

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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8
Q

Nutrients found in blood plasma

A

Simple sugars (carbohydrates) mostly glucose
Amino acids (building blocks for proteins)
Fats/oils - carried by lipoproteins
Vitamins

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9
Q

What are cations

A

Mineral components found in blood plasma
Positively charged ions
Eg sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium

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10
Q

What are anions

A

Mineral component found in blood plasma
Negatively charged ions
Chlorides, bicarbonates, phosphates

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11
Q

Haematopoiesis

A

Production of all blood cells

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12
Q

Haematocrit

A

The percentage of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes

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13
Q

How much oxygen can a haemoglobin molecule hold

A

4 polypeptide chains (globin) each bound to a haem pigment (iron) which can carry 1 oxygen molecule so in total one haemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules
HbA = two alpha & two beta

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14
Q

Why is blood red

A

Due to the interaction & chemical bonds of iron & oxygen & the way they reflect light

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15
Q

What causes hypoxia

A

Below normal blood cell levels stimulates kidneys to release hormone ‘erythopoietin’ to stimulate erythopoiesis

High altitude, haemolysis (blood destruction), blood loss, pregnancy

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16
Q

What is erythropoiesis

A

Formation of erythrocytes in red bone marrow (erythropoietin hormone stimulates this)

17
Q

What is Haemolysis

A

The destruction of erythrocytes to release haemoglobin into plasma which is carried out by macrophages, found especially in the spleen, bone marrow & liver

18
Q

What is bilirubin

A

A by-product pigment formed from the breakdown of haem
It is predominately formed in the spleen, bone marrow & liver
It must be conjugated in the liver for it to be effectively excreted in the GIT (mostly in faeces through bile where it is turned into sturcubilin)

19
Q

What is the ABO blood group

A

Glycolipid antigens A&B located on the surface of erythrocytes which form 4 human blood groups A, B, AB, O
O=no antigen flags thus universal donor
AB=universal recipient can receive any blood group

20
Q

What is a transfusion reaction

A

The immune system makes antibodies against antigens it doesnt recognise that can cause haemolysis

21
Q

What is the rhesus factor blood group

A

Surface antigen found on erythrocytes inherited via a dominant gene

22
Q

What is the haemolytic disease of the newborn

A

Where baby is rhesus positive & mum is rhesus negative - mums immune system attacks baby’s blood if they come into contact eg by a haemorrhage or in second child birth due to females exposure to rhesus & bodys production of anti-bodies against the antigen

Anti-rhesus antibodies can be injected to inactivate foetal rhesus antigens

23
Q

What nutrients are required for erythropoiesis

A

Vitamin B12, folate (B9) & iron

24
Q

Two types of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes (secretory granules in cytoplasm)
Agranulocytes (no granules in cytoplasm)

Leukocytes function to defend the body from microbes & foreign particles & account for 1% blood volume

25
Q

What 3 cells are found in granulocytes & what are their functions

A
  1. Neutrophils (account for 60%) - 1st to migrate to infection site, phagocytosis die & form pus
  2. Basophils (account 1%) - key inflammatory cells, release histamine & hepanin
  3. Eosinophils (account 2-4%) - eliminate parasites
26
Q

What 2 cells are found within agranulocytes & what are their functions

A
  1. Monocytes (account 6%) - inflammation & repair, activate other immune cells via antigen presentation
  2. Lymphocytes (account 30%) = B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes & Natural killers - critical for immunity against specific antigens, Bs make antibodies whilst Ts & NKs kill
27
Q

The production process of thrombocytes

A

Megakaryoblasts transform into megakaryoctyes which breakdown into thrombocyte fragments
Which are Produced under thrombopoeitin hormone (mostly from liver)

28
Q

What are thrombocytes 4 stage blood clotting process

A
  1. Vasoconstriction - thromboxane is released
  2. Platelet plug formation- positive feedeback system where platelet aggregation (stickiness) increases to stick to cell wall & release binding hormones
  3. Coagulation (clotting factors) - reinforce platelet plug with the enzyme thrombin converting fibrinogen into fibrin which are long sticky threads that create a mesh & a clot forms
  4. Fibrinolysis - breakdown of a clot, enzyme plasmin
29
Q

How does the hormone thromboxane help blood clotting process

A

1st phase vasoconstriction - When collagen is exposed to vascular endothelium, thromboxane is released which causes smooth muscles to contract to help strengthen blood clotting

30
Q

How does the enzyme thrombin help blood clotting process

A

3rd phase coagulation- Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin which are long sticky threads that create a mesh over site of injury & cause a clot to form

31
Q

How does the enzyme plasmin help the process of blood clotting

A

4th stage fibrinolysis- Plasmin can dissolve clots by digesting threads & inactivating fibrinogen & thrombin

32
Q

Normal male & female haemoglobin ranges

A 
Males = 13-18 g/dL
Females = 11.5-16.5 g/dL
Preganancy = >11 g/dL
33
Q

What are some key functions of cholesterol

A

Cell membrane integrity (vital in brain)
Vitamin D & calcium metabolism
Sex hormones eg testosterone & oestregen

34
Q

What are low density lipoproteins (LDLs)

A

Carry 75% total cholesterol in blood, carryibg it from the liver to cells of the body
When present in excess LDLs deposit cholesterol in arteries

35
Q

What are High density lipoproteins (HDLs)

A

Remove excess cholesterol from body cells & blood & transport back to the liver
Help prevent cholesterol accumulation in blood

36
Q

How does the blood contribute to skin homeostasis

A

Delivers clotting factors & white blood cells to aid repair when the skin is injured
Changes in blood flow to the skin is used to adjust body temp

37
Q

How does blood contribute to skeletal system homeostasis

A

Delivers bone minerals & hormones to control bone remodelling & RBC production (erythropoietin) to the bone

38
Q

How does blood contribute to muscular system homeostasis

A

Blood transports heat & lactic acid from the muscles

39
Q

How does blood help maintain body homeostasis

A

Skeletel, skin, muscular system
Endocrine, lymphatic/immune system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system & reproductive system
Delivery & distribution of substances for all

Cardiovascular (4 decks)

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