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Hubs 192 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 main funct of blood

A

1) Transport
2) Immune response
3) Coagulation

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2
Q

Name 4 examples of transportation using the blood

A

1) Nutrients (O2) and waste (CO2)
2) Heat dissipation
3) Hormone
4) Phagocytes, antibodies, coagulation factors

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3
Q

Name 2 examples of how blood assists in the immune response

A

1) Via phagocytes, antibodies, and other WBC’s

2) Fights infection

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4
Q

Name 2 types of phagocytes

A

Neutrophils and monocytes

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5
Q

What is the name for an antibody cell?

A

Immunogobulin

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6
Q

How does the blood assist in coagulation?

A

Via platelets and erythrocytes and utilizing coagulation factors in plasma

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7
Q

What are the 2 main components of whole blood and their percentages?

A

1) Plasma 55%

2) Cells 45%

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8
Q

What 2 main substances is plasma comprised of?

A

1) H20 - 90%

2) Other solutes - 10% - eg. ions, proteins, etc.

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9
Q

What are the 3 groups of “plasma proteins”?

A

1) Albumins
2) Globulins
3) Fibrogen and Prothrombin

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10
Q

Funct of Albumins

A

Maintains osmotic pressure

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11
Q

Funct of Globulins

A

Antibodies used to enhance the immune system

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12
Q

Funct of Fibrogen and prothrombin

A

Blood Coagulation

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13
Q

Name the 3 groups of cells in the blood

A

1) RBW / erythrocytes
2) WBC / leukocytes
3) Platelets / thrombocytes

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14
Q

Define haematocrit

A

The portion of the cells that make up blood

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15
Q

Define PCV

A

Packed Cell Volume (same as haematocrit)

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16
Q

Why is haematocrit important?

A

Tells the health of the blood

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17
Q

What is the range of PCV in males?

A

0.40 - 0.54

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18
Q

What is the range of PCV in females?

A

0.37 - 0.47

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19
Q

What does anemic mean?

A

Low RBC

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20
Q

What does polycethemia mean?

A

High RBC, usually rare genetic disease, makes the blood viscous

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21
Q

Which cell do all blood cells originate from?

A

Hemocytoblast

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22
Q

Where are they produced?

A

Red bone marrow

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23
Q

What are the 2 groups of WBC’s?

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

1) Neutrophils

2) Basophils

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25
Q

Neutrophils - %, funct, size, life span?

A

65% of cell, most common, active seek and phagocyte, 12-15um, hours - days

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26
Q

Basophils - %, funct, size, life span?

A

> 1%, rare, releases heparin (anticoagulant) and releases histomines, 11-14um, hours - days

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27
Q

Eosinphils - %, funct, size, life span?

A

2 - 5%, less common, mostly in mucosal lining eg respiratory, phagocytes large cells, 10-12um, 10 - 12 days

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28
Q

What are histamines?

A

Secreted by basophils that warns the body that there is a danger

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29
Q

Name the 2 types of Agranulocytes

A

1) Lymphocytes

2) Monocytes

30
Q

Lymphocytes - %, funct, size, life span?

A

25%, 2nd most WBC, secretes antibodies and tags threats, 6-9um, days - years

31
Q

Monocytes - %, funct, size, life span?

A

3-8%, less common, hunts cancerous cells and bacteria then phagocytes, 12-17um, months

32
Q

What percentage of cells in the blood RBC?

A

99%

33
Q

What fraction of an RBC is hemoglobin?

A

1/3 of weight

34
Q

What is the normal range of hemoglobin in the body?

A

150g of Hb per L of PCV = 45%

35
Q

Range of Hb for men?

A

140-180g/L

36
Q

Range of Hb for women?

A

120-160g/L

37
Q

What are the 2 components of Hb?

A

Heme (red pigment) and globin (protein chains)

38
Q

Funct of heme?

A

Allows O2 to attach (max 4/Hb) because heme is Fe

39
Q

Funct of globin?

A

Allows CO2 to attach

40
Q

List 3 advantages of RBC’s having a concave shape

A

1) SA:Volume
2) Increases diff of gases
3) Flexibility

41
Q

Size of RBC

A

7.5um

42
Q

Name of RBC formation?

A

Erythropoeisis

43
Q

Stimulator of Erythropoeisis?

A

Erythropoietin (also needs Fe)

44
Q

Feedback loop of low O2?

A

Var: low O2
Sensor: Kidneys
Integration Centre: Kidneys - secrete erythropoeitin
Effector: Red bone marrow - produces more RBC

45
Q

Life span of RBC?

A

104-120 days, 1%/day

46
Q

3 components of broken down hemoglobin?

A

1) Fe
2) Amino acids
3) Bilirubin (product of heme - pale yellow)

47
Q

What happens to Fe once it’s detached from Hb?

A

Goes back to bone marrow to be re-synthesized and make new Hb

48
Q

What happens to amino acids once they detach from Hb?

A

They get synthesized into the body

49
Q

What happens to bilirubin once it detaches from Hb?

A

Goes to liver then spleen then gets secreted into GI tract via small intestines as bile

50
Q

Range for men to be anemic?

A

less than 130g/L

51
Q

Range for women to be anemic?

A

less than 115g/L

52
Q

Name 3 potential causes of anemia?

A

1) Decrease in RBC production

2) Increase destruction of RBC

53
Q

2 ways which cause low RBC production

A

1) Deficiency of Fe and ECO
2) Slow maturation due to low B12 or folic acid
3) Bleeding - acute

54
Q

3 explanations of increased destruction of RBC

A

1) Cellular defect eg. sickle cell
2) Drugs
3) Auto-immune system

55
Q

Platelets - size, shape, funct, life span

A

2-4um, irregular spindles/oval discs, haemostasis and coagulation, 2-4 days

56
Q

What stimulates a hemocytoblast turning into a platelet?

A

Thrombopoietin

57
Q

Describe stage 1 of haemostasis

A

1) Constriction of blood vessels

2) Form platelet plug (using platelets)

58
Q

Describe stage 2 and 3 of haemostasis

A

Coagulation of blood (needs platelets)

59
Q

Extrinsic pathway is for?

A

External damage

60
Q

Intrinsic pathway is for?

A

Internal bleeding (only blood cells)

61
Q

5 ways to oppose clot formation

A

1) Smooth endothelium
2) TF pathways inhibitor
3) Thrombin
4) Coumadin
5) Aspirin

62
Q

Explain the factors used to oppose clot formation relating to smooth endothelium

A

1) Smooth S.A = platelets don’t adhere
2) Secretes prostacyclin - no aggregation
3) Secretes nitric oxide - vasodilates = no aggregation

63
Q

Explain how TF pathway inhibitors oppose clot formation

A

Binds TFVIIa and inhibits extrinsic pathway

64
Q

Explain how thrombin is inhibited to oppose clot formation

A

Via anti-thrombonins such as heparin

65
Q

Explain how Coumadin opposes clot formation

A

Impairs the livers use of Vitamin K

66
Q

Aspirin opposes clot formation how?

A

Inhibits aggregation

67
Q

What is fibronolysis?

A

Mechanism that dissolves blood clots. This occurs at the same time as clot formation

68
Q

List the 2 types of blood systems

A

1) ABO

2) Rhesus

69
Q

4 groups of ABO system?

A

1) A - A antigens, B antibodies
2) B - B antigens, A antibodies
3) AB - AB antigens, no antibodies - universal recipient
4) O - no antigens, A, B antibodies - universal donor

70
Q

Explain Rhesus system

A

Rh+ or Rh- = D antigens

eg. Pregnancy Rh- mum, Rh+ baby = mum devel antibodies

Hubs 192 (2 decks)

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