Blood Flashcards
Name the 3 main funct of blood
1) Transport
2) Immune response
3) Coagulation
Name 4 examples of transportation using the blood
1) Nutrients (O2) and waste (CO2)
2) Heat dissipation
3) Hormone
4) Phagocytes, antibodies, coagulation factors
Name 2 examples of how blood assists in the immune response
1) Via phagocytes, antibodies, and other WBC’s
2) Fights infection
Name 2 types of phagocytes
Neutrophils and monocytes
What is the name for an antibody cell?
Immunogobulin
How does the blood assist in coagulation?
Via platelets and erythrocytes and utilizing coagulation factors in plasma
What are the 2 main components of whole blood and their percentages?
1) Plasma 55%
2) Cells 45%
What 2 main substances is plasma comprised of?
1) H20 - 90%
2) Other solutes - 10% - eg. ions, proteins, etc.
What are the 3 groups of “plasma proteins”?
1) Albumins
2) Globulins
3) Fibrogen and Prothrombin
Funct of Albumins
Maintains osmotic pressure
Funct of Globulins
Antibodies used to enhance the immune system
Funct of Fibrogen and prothrombin
Blood Coagulation
Name the 3 groups of cells in the blood
1) RBW / erythrocytes
2) WBC / leukocytes
3) Platelets / thrombocytes
Define haematocrit
The portion of the cells that make up blood
Define PCV
Packed Cell Volume (same as haematocrit)
Why is haematocrit important?
Tells the health of the blood
What is the range of PCV in males?
0.40 - 0.54
What is the range of PCV in females?
0.37 - 0.47
What does anemic mean?
Low RBC
What does polycethemia mean?
High RBC, usually rare genetic disease, makes the blood viscous
Which cell do all blood cells originate from?
Hemocytoblast
Where are they produced?
Red bone marrow
What are the 2 groups of WBC’s?
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
What are the 3 types of granulocytes?
1) Neutrophils
2) Basophils
Neutrophils - %, funct, size, life span?
65% of cell, most common, active seek and phagocyte, 12-15um, hours - days
Basophils - %, funct, size, life span?
> 1%, rare, releases heparin (anticoagulant) and releases histomines, 11-14um, hours - days
Eosinphils - %, funct, size, life span?
2 - 5%, less common, mostly in mucosal lining eg respiratory, phagocytes large cells, 10-12um, 10 - 12 days
What are histamines?
Secreted by basophils that warns the body that there is a danger
Name the 2 types of Agranulocytes
1) Lymphocytes
2) Monocytes
Lymphocytes - %, funct, size, life span?
25%, 2nd most WBC, secretes antibodies and tags threats, 6-9um, days - years
Monocytes - %, funct, size, life span?
3-8%, less common, hunts cancerous cells and bacteria then phagocytes, 12-17um, months
What percentage of cells in the blood RBC?
99%
What fraction of an RBC is hemoglobin?
1/3 of weight
What is the normal range of hemoglobin in the body?
150g of Hb per L of PCV = 45%
Range of Hb for men?
140-180g/L
Range of Hb for women?
120-160g/L
What are the 2 components of Hb?
Heme (red pigment) and globin (protein chains)
Funct of heme?
Allows O2 to attach (max 4/Hb) because heme is Fe
Funct of globin?
Allows CO2 to attach
List 3 advantages of RBC’s having a concave shape
1) SA:Volume
2) Increases diff of gases
3) Flexibility
Size of RBC
7.5um
Name of RBC formation?
Erythropoeisis
Stimulator of Erythropoeisis?
Erythropoietin (also needs Fe)
Feedback loop of low O2?
Var: low O2
Sensor: Kidneys
Integration Centre: Kidneys - secrete erythropoeitin
Effector: Red bone marrow - produces more RBC
Life span of RBC?
104-120 days, 1%/day
3 components of broken down hemoglobin?
1) Fe
2) Amino acids
3) Bilirubin (product of heme - pale yellow)
What happens to Fe once it’s detached from Hb?
Goes back to bone marrow to be re-synthesized and make new Hb
What happens to amino acids once they detach from Hb?
They get synthesized into the body
What happens to bilirubin once it detaches from Hb?
Goes to liver then spleen then gets secreted into GI tract via small intestines as bile
Range for men to be anemic?
less than 130g/L
Range for women to be anemic?
less than 115g/L
Name 3 potential causes of anemia?
1) Decrease in RBC production
2) Increase destruction of RBC
2 ways which cause low RBC production
1) Deficiency of Fe and ECO
2) Slow maturation due to low B12 or folic acid
3) Bleeding - acute
3 explanations of increased destruction of RBC
1) Cellular defect eg. sickle cell
2) Drugs
3) Auto-immune system
Platelets - size, shape, funct, life span
2-4um, irregular spindles/oval discs, haemostasis and coagulation, 2-4 days
What stimulates a hemocytoblast turning into a platelet?
Thrombopoietin
Describe stage 1 of haemostasis
1) Constriction of blood vessels
2) Form platelet plug (using platelets)
Describe stage 2 and 3 of haemostasis
Coagulation of blood (needs platelets)
Extrinsic pathway is for?
External damage
Intrinsic pathway is for?
Internal bleeding (only blood cells)
5 ways to oppose clot formation
1) Smooth endothelium
2) TF pathways inhibitor
3) Thrombin
4) Coumadin
5) Aspirin
Explain the factors used to oppose clot formation relating to smooth endothelium
1) Smooth S.A = platelets don’t adhere
2) Secretes prostacyclin - no aggregation
3) Secretes nitric oxide - vasodilates = no aggregation
Explain how TF pathway inhibitors oppose clot formation
Binds TFVIIa and inhibits extrinsic pathway
Explain how thrombin is inhibited to oppose clot formation
Via anti-thrombonins such as heparin
Explain how Coumadin opposes clot formation
Impairs the livers use of Vitamin K
Aspirin opposes clot formation how?
Inhibits aggregation
What is fibronolysis?
Mechanism that dissolves blood clots. This occurs at the same time as clot formation
List the 2 types of blood systems
1) ABO
2) Rhesus
4 groups of ABO system?
1) A - A antigens, B antibodies
2) B - B antigens, A antibodies
3) AB - AB antigens, no antibodies - universal recipient
4) O - no antigens, A, B antibodies - universal donor
Explain Rhesus system
Rh+ or Rh- = D antigens
eg. Pregnancy Rh- mum, Rh+ baby = mum devel antibodies
