blood

Question 1

what pt characteristics should you consider when ordering labs

Answer 1

race, grander, age, altitude

Question 2

qualitative test

Answer 2

reported as positive or negative ie pregnancy

Question 3

quantitative test

Answer 3

reported as an exact number ie electrolytes

Question 4

sensitivity

Answer 4

identify a postitive results in pts who actually have the disease.
higher the sensitivity, the lower the chance of a false negative.
Sensitivity rule out=snout

Question 5

specificity

Answer 5

assesses proportion of true negatives
lower the specificity the higher the chance of faule positives
if test is hightly specific an its positive, nearly certain that they have the disease
specificity rule in=spin

Question 6

WBC range

Answer 6

4000-10500 cells/mm3

Question 7

when are WBCs increased?

Answer 7

inflammation, bacterial infection, leukemia and some meds

Question 8

when are WBCs decreased?

Answer 8

viral infections, chemo and bone marrow suppresision

Question 9

myeloid and lymphoid cell lines descend from what kind of cell?

Answer 9

Pluripotent stem cell

Question 10

cells in the granulocyte line

Answer 10

PMNs
eosinophils
basophils

Question 11

what cell makes up more than half of the curculating blood?

Answer 11

granulocytes

Question 12

what is margination?

Answer 12

hangout in vessel wall, when activated then move to site very quickly

Question 13

what is a left shift?

Answer 13

immature granulocytes are being released from the marrow. so highly banded PMNs.

Question 14

when do you see toxic granulation

Answer 14

severe bacterial infections and burns

Question 15

hypersegmented PMNs caused by what

Answer 15

B12 def/ folic acid def

Question 16

Neutophilia

Answer 16

increase in PMNs. bacterial infection. some viral(smallpox, chicken pox, herpes zoster). responds to stress(exersice, emotional, shildbirt). inflammatory disease(RA,gout,hypersensitivity trxn to drug) metabolic disorders (diabetic ketoacidosis, thyroid storm) drugs(epinephrine,heparin,histamine)

Question 17

Neutropenia

Answer 17

decrease in PMNs. viral(hepatitis, flu, measles,mumps,rubella,mono) bacterial(thyphoid,tularemia,bucellosis) hypersplenism, chomo, lupus

Question 18

lymphocytes

Answer 18

2nd most numeros EBC. interact with antigens. found in spleen, lympph nodes, mucosa. continuous circulation. T and B cells

Question 19

HIV infects what cell

Answer 19

CD4 cells

Question 20

lymphocytosis

Answer 20

increase in lymphocytes. bacterial(whooping ciugh, brucellosis) viral(hepatitis,mono,mumps,CMV), metabolic(hyperadrenalism, hyperthyroidism) chronic inflammtory(ulcerative colitis, serum sicknes ITP)

Question 21

lymphocytopenia

Answer 21

decrease in lymphocytes. immunodeficiency)HIV, congenital defects of cell mediated immunity, immunosuppressive meds) severe debilitating illness( congestive heart failure, renal failure, advanced TB) adrenal corticosteroid exposure( therapeutic admin, ACTH producting pituitay tumors, adrenal gland hyperactivity.

Question 22

monocytes

Answer 22

5-8% of circulating WBCs. quickly migrate into tissue>tissue macrophage. antigen processing and phagocytosis.

Question 23

monocytosis

Answer 23

infections(TB,subacute bacterial endocarditis,hepatitis, syphilis.) granulomatous disease(sarcoid, ulcerative colitis) collagen vascular dieases(lupus, RA,polyarteritits)cancers

Question 24

RBCs

Answer 24

contain Hgb produced in marrow

Question 25

Hgb

Answer 25

serves as carrier for O2 and CO2 transport, buffer in acid/base balance. women usually llower

Question 26

Hct

Answer 26

measure of % of total blood volume made up by RBCs (think bout what happens with dehydration)

Question 27

MCV

Answer 27

mean corpuscular volume 80-95 size of cell-average size of cell smaller the number small the RBC

Question 28

MCHC

Answer 28

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 32-36 avergave concentration of hgb in rbc low=hypochromic

Question 29

hypochromic

Answer 29

low MCHC meaning less concentration of hgb

Question 30

MCH

Answer 30

mean corpuscular hemoglobin 27-31 | measure of weight of hgb

Question 31

RDW

Answer 31

red cell distribution width 11-14.5 | indicated variation in size of RBC

Question 32

Ferritin

Answer 32

major iron storage, available iron stores, decrease indicates a decrease in iron storage.

Question 33

elevated ferritin

Answer 33

hemochromatosis, iron poisoning or recent transfusion | can be acute phase reactant-go up with any type of inflammation

Question 34

reticulocytes

Answer 34

immature red blood cell. used to determiine bone marrow function and eval of erythropoetic activity. adult 0.5-2% infant 0.5-3.1 newborn2.5-6.5%

Question 35

reticulocytes are high in

Answer 35

hemolytic anemias, hemorrhage, treatment for other anemias

Question 36

decreased retic

Answer 36

malignaancy, marrow failure

Question 37

Anemia

Answer 37

classified by size and amount of hgb in cells

Question 38

hemolytic uremic syndrome

Answer 38

renal failur, low platelets and hemolytic anemia, ecoli 0157

Question 39

haptoglobin

Answer 39

normally bind and clears free hemoglobin, produced in liver.

Question 40

anisocytosis

Answer 40

variation in size of RBC

Question 41

poikilocytosis

Answer 41

variation in shape of RBC

Question 42

spherocytes

Answer 42

no centraal pallor-solid red

Question 43

schistocytosis

Answer 43

cell fragments(intravascular or mechanical problem ie heart valve shering rbcs)

Question 44

stomatocytosis

Answer 44

liver diease

Question 45

RBC inclusion

Answer 45

basophilic stippling-lead poisoning, megoalblastic anemia and thalassemia howell jolly bodies-splenectomy

Question 46

heinz bodies

Answer 46

splenectomy and G6PD def

Question 47

evaluation of anemia

Answer 47

``` CBC retic count haptoglobin(hemolysis) iron studies ferritin B12/folic acid levels TSH(hypothyroidism can cause anemia) colonoscopy(over 60 is they have iron def anema(colon cancer) ```

Question 48

platelets

Answer 48

initiate clotting cascade measured by count function by bleeding time

Question 49

von willebrands

Answer 49

abnormal platelet function. keeps oozing, cryoprecipitate helps clot

Question 50

hgb/hct match x___

Answer 50

3 | exp: 12hgb should have 36 hc

Question 51

acute phase reactants

Answer 51

ESR, CRP, plt, ferritin