Block2MedTerm Flashcards
1
Q
cerebr/o
A
cerebrum
2
Q
cerebello/o
A
cerebellum
3
Q
crani/o
A
skull
4
Q
encephal/o
A
entire brain
5
Q
esthesi/o
A
sensation
6
Q
gangli/o
A
ganglion (knot)
7
Q
gli/o
A
glue
8
Q
gnos/o
A
knowing
9
Q
kinesi/o
A
movement
10
Q
lex/o
A
word or phrase
11
Q
mening/o
A
meninges
12
Q
meningi/o
A
meninges (membrane)
13
Q
myel/o
A
spinal cord or bone marrow
14
Q
narc/o
A
stupor or sleep
15
Q
neur/o
A
nerve
16
Q
phas/o
A
speech
17
Q
phob/o
A
exaggerated fear or sensitivity
18
Q
phor/o
A
carry or bear
19
Q
phren/o
A
mind
20
Q
psych/o
A
mind
21
Q
thym/o
A
mind
22
Q
schiz/o
A
split
23
Q
somat/o
A
body
24
Q
somn/o
A
sleep
25
somn/i
sleep
26
hypn/o
sleep
27
spin/o
spine (thorn)
28
spondyl/o
vertebra
29
vertebr/o
vertebra
30
ster/o
three dimensional or solid
31
tax/o
order or coordination
32
thalam/o
thalamus (a room)
33
ton/o
tone or tension
34
top/o
place
35
ventricul/o
ventricle (belly or pouch)
36
cata-
down
37
-asthenia
weakness
38
-lepsy
seizure
39
-mania
condition of abnormal impulse toward
40
-paresis
slight paralysis
41
-plegia
paralysis
42
-graphy
process of recording
43
syndesis
surgical technique of joining together
44
spondylosendesis
spinal fusion
45
psychosomatic
influences of the mind on the body
46
dyslexia
condition of difficulty understanding written or spoken words
47
euphoria
exaggerated sense of well-being
48
ataxia
condition of inability to coordinate muscle movements
49
catatonia
state of being unresponse and unmoving
50
necromania
abnormal attraction to death
51
paraplegia
paralysis of the legs and lower trunk
52
thalamus
each of two gray matter nuclei deep within the brain; responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex
53
diencephalon
same as thalamus, each of two gray matter nuclei deep within the brain; responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex
54
cerebellum
portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum; responsible for the control and coordination of skeletal muscles
55
brainstem
region of the brain that serves as a relay between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord; responsible for breathing, hr, and body temp
56
what are the 3 levels of the brainstem
mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, medulla
57
how many cranial nerves?
12
58
how many spinal nerves?
31
59
hypothalamus
control center for the ANS located below the thalamus (diencephalon)
60
aphasia
impairment because of localized brain injury that affects the understanding, retrieving, and formulating of meaningful and sequential elements of language as demonstrated by an inability to use or comprehend words; occurs as a result of stroke, head trauma, or disease
61
coma
general term referring to levels of decreased consciousness with varying responsiveness
62
how is coma commonly assessed?
glasgow coma scale
63
What responses are scored on the Glasgow Coma Scale?
eye opening, response to speech & pain, motor responses, verbal responses
64
What are the scores on a Glasgow coma scale?
3-8 = severe trama; 9-12 = moderate; 13-15 = slight
65
delirium
a state of mental confusion caused by disturbances in cerebral function; the many causes include fever, shock, drug OD
66
dementia
an impairment of intellectual function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion
67
paralysis
temporary or permanent loss of motor control
68
flaccid paralysis
defective or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion
69
spastic paralysis
stiff and awkward muscle control caused by a CNS disorder
70
hemiparesis
partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body
71
sciatica
pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve, caused by compression or trauma of the nerve or its roots
72
convulsion
to pull together; type of seizure that causes a series of sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles
73
syncope
fainting
74
tactile stimulation
evoking a response by touching
75
hyperesthesia
increased sensitivity to stimulation such as touch or pain
76
paresthesia
abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause
77
seizure
sudden, transient disturbances in brain function resulting from an abnormal firing of nerve impulses; may or may not be associated with convulsion
78
synonym for aphasia
dysphasia
79
word origin of syncope
synkope (greek): cutting short or swoon
80
-ia
condition of
81
agnosia
any of many types of loss of neurologic function involving interpretation of sensory information
82
astereognosis
inability to judge the form of an object by touch
83
atopognosis
inability to locate a sensation properly on the body
84
Alzheimer disease
disease of structural changes in the brain resulting in an irreversible deterioration that progresses from forgetfulness and disorientation to loss of all intellectual functions, total disability, and death
85
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
condition of progressive deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle control; symptoms advance from muscle weakness in the arms and legs, to the muscles of speech, swallowing, and breathing, to total paralysis and death
86
Lou Gehrig disease
aka ALS
87
cerebral palsy
condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth; characterized by partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination
88
cerebrovascular disease
disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain
89
types of cerebrovascular diseases
cerebral arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, aneurysm, thrombosis, embolism
90
cerebral arteriosclerosis
hardening of arteries of the brain
91
cerebral atherosclerosis
condition of lipid (fat) buildup within the blood vessels of the brain
92
aneurysm
dilation or widening
93
cerebrovascular accident
damage to the brain caused by cerebrovascular disease, such as occlusion of a blood vessel by a thrombus or embolus or intracranial hemorrhage after rupture of an aneurysm
94
transient ischemic attack
brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain, usually caused by partial occlusion that results in temporary neurologic deficit; often precedes a CVA
95
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
96
tonic-clonic seizure
stiffening-jerking; a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups; aka grand mal
97
absence seizure
seizure involving a brief loss of consciousness without motor involvement; aka petit mal
98
partial seizure
seizure involving only limited areas of the brain with localized symptoms
99
glioma
tumor of glial cells graded according to degree of malignancy
100
herniated disk
protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes
101
herpes zoster
viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves; unilateral; shingles
102
Huntington chorea
hereditary disease of the CNS characterized by bizarre, involuntary body movements and progressive dementia
103
Huntington Disease
hereditary disease of the CNS characterized by bizarre, involuntary body movements and progressive dementia
104
hydrocephalus
abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles as a result of developmental abnormalities, infection, or tumor
105
meningioma
benign tumor of the meninges
106
migraine headache
paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of mostly unilateral HA, often accompanied by disordered vision, N/V, lasting hours or days and caused by arterial dilation
107
multiple sclerosis
disease of the CNS characterized by demyelination of nerve fibers with episodes of neurologic dysfunction followed by recovery
108
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune disorder that affets the NMJ, causing a progressive decrease in muscle strength; activity resumes and strength returns after a rest period
109
myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord
110
narcolepsy
sleep disorder characterized by a sudden, uncontrollable need to sleep, attacks of paralysis (cataplexy), and dreams intruding while awake
111
hypnagogic hallucination
dreams intruding during wakefulness
112
neural tube defects
congenital deformities of the brain and spinal cord caused by incomplete development of the neural tube, the embryonic structure that forms the nervous system
113
anencephaly
defect in closure of the cephalic portion of the neural tube that results in incomplete development of the brain and bones of the skull; the most drastic neural tube defect usually results in stillbrith
114
spina bifida
defect in development of spinal column characterized by absence of vertebral arches, often resulting in pouching of the meninges, sometimes including the spinal cord.
115
What is the most common NT defect?
spina bifida
116
What is the most severe neural tube defect?
anencephaly
117
Parkinson disease
condition of slowly progressive degeneration in an area of the brainstem resulting in a decrease of DA; characterized by tremor, rigidity of muscles, and slow movements
118
plegia
paralysis
119
paraplegia
paralysis from waist down
120
hemiplegia
paralysis on 1 side of the body
121
poliomyelitis
inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, often resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
122
polyneuritis
inflammation involving 2 or more nerves, often caused by a nutritional deficiency (thiamine deficiency)
123
sleep apnea
periods of breathing cessation (10+ seconds) that occur during sleep
124
electrodiagnositc procedures
diagnostic procedures used to evaluate the function of the nervous system by recording the electrical signals produced in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
125
electroencephalogram
record of the minute electrical impulses of the brain; used to identify neurologic conditions that affect brain function and level of consciousness
126
evoked potentials
record of minute electrical potentials that are extracted from ongoing EEG activity to diagnose auditory, visual, and sensory pathway disorders; also used to monitor the neurologic function of patients during surgery
127
polysomnography
recording of various aspects of sleep (eye and muscle movements, respiration, EEG) to diagnose sleep disorders
128
lumbar puncture
introduction of a specialized needle into the spine in the lumbar region for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, such as to obtain CSF for testing; also called spinal tap
129
spinal tap aka
lumbar puncture / LP
130
What are the types of EEG waves?
alpha, beta, delta, theta
131
magnetic resonance imaging
nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures (especially soft tissue), such as the tissues of the brain and spinal cord
132
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
magnetic resonance imaging of blood vessels to detect pathologic conditions such as thrombosis and atherosclerosis
133
intracranial MRA
magnetic resonance image of the head to visualize the vessels of the circle of Willis
134
extracranial MRA
magnetic resonance image of the neck to visualize the carotid artery
135
nuclear medicine imaging
radionuclide organ imaging
136
single-photon emission computed tomography brain scan
scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of the brain after the administration of radioactive isotopes
137
positron-emission tomography
technique combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of brain anatomy and corresponding physiology; used to study stroke, Alzheimer disease, epilepsy, metabolic brain disorders, synaptic chemistry; GREATER ACCURACY than SPECT, but used less often due to cost and availability of isotopes
138
SPECT
single-photon emission computed tomography
139
radiography
x-ray imaging
140
cerebral angiogram
x-ray of blood vessels in the brain after intracarotid injection of contrast medium
141
computed tomography of the head
computed tomographic (x-ray) images of the head used to visualize abnormalities (tumors, malformations)
142
myelogram
x-ray of the spinal cord obtained after intraspinal injection of contrast
143
reflex testing
test performed to observe the body's response to a stimulus
144
deep tendon reflexes
involuntary muscle contraction after percussion at a tendon indicating function; positive findings = no or exaggerated response
145
grading scale for DTR
0 = no response; 1+ = dimished; 2+ = normal; 3+ = more brisk; 4+ hyperactive
146
babinski sign/reflex
pathologic response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot; a positive sign is indicated when the toes dorsiflex (upward)
147
transcranial Doppler sonogram
image made by sending US beams through the skull to assess blood flow in intracranial vessles; used in diagnosis and management of stroke and head trauma
148
carotid endarterectomy
incision and coring of the lining of the carotid to clear a blockage caused by the buildup of atherosclerotic plaque or a clot; an open procedure used to treat patients at risk for stroke
149
endovascular neurosurgery
minimally invasive techniques for diagnosis/treatment of disorders within blood vessels of neck, brain, spinal cord using specialized catheters inserted percutaneously into the femoral artery and guided by angiographic imaging to the treatment site; performed in a specialized angiographic lab by interventional neuroradiologists for PTA and embolization of aneurysms
150
PTA
percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
151
interventional neuroradiology
same as endovascular neurosurgery
152
laminectomy
excision of one or more laminae of the vertebrae to approach the spinal cord
153
vertebral lamina
flatted posterior portion of the vertebral arch
154
microsurgery
use of a microscope to dissect minute structures during surgery
155
neuroplasty
surgical repair of a nerve
156
radiation therapy
treatment of neoplasm using IONIZING radiation to impede proliferation
157
stereotactic/stereotaxic radiosurgery
radiation treatment to inactivate malignant lesions using multiple, precise external radiation beams focused on a target with the aid of a stereotactic frame and imaging such as CT, MRI, angiography; used to treat inoperable brain tumors and other lesions
158
stereotactic/stereotaxic frame
mechanical device used to localize a point in space targeting a precise site
159
hypnotic
drug that induces sleep
160
affect
emotional feeling or mood
161
flat affect
significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction
162
apathy
lack of interest or display of emotion
163
catatonia
state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate
164
delusion
persistent belief that has no basis in reality
165
grandiose delusion
person's false belief that he/she possesses great wealth, intelligence, or power
166
persecutory delusion
person's false belief that someone is plotting against him/her with intent to harm
167
dysphoria
restless, dissatisfied mood
168
ideation
the formation of thoughts or ideas
169
mania
state of abnormal elation and increased activity
170
neurosis
psychologic condition in which anxiety is prominent
171
psychosis
mental condition characterized by distortion of reality resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one's environment
172
thought disorder
thought that lacks clear processing or logical direction
173
major depression
a disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, sleep, activity, appetite, and social behavior; characterized by feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and loss of interest
174
other terms for major depression:
major depressive illness; clinical depression; major affective disorder; unipolar disorder
175
dysthymia
a milder affective disorder characterized by chronic depression
176
manic depression/bipolar disorder
an affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression
177
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
an affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur during the fall and winter that remit in the spring
178
generalized anxiety disorder
the most common anxiety disorder; chronic, excessive, uncontrollable worry aobut everyday problems; affects ability to relax or concentration, but usually does not interfere with social interactions or employment; physical sxs = muscle tension, trembling, twitching, fatigue, HA, nausea, insomnia
179
panic disorder
disorder of sudden, recurrent attacks of intense feelings, including physical sxs that mimic an MI with general sense of loss of control or feeling that death is imminent; often progresses to agoraphobia
180
obsesssive-compulsive disorder
an anxiety disorder featuring unwanted, senseless obsessions accompanied by repeated compulsions; can interfere with all aspects of a person's daily life
181
hypochondriasis
preoccupation with thoughts of disease and concern
182
autism
a developmental disability, commonly appearing during first 3 years of life resulting from neurologic disorder; repetitive body movements, observant, difficulties with verbal/nonverbal communication
183
ADHD
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
184
mental retardation
condition of subaverage intelligence characterized by IQ of 70 or less
185
schizophrenia
disease of brain chemistry causing distorted cognitive and emotional perception of one's environment
186
ECT
electroconvulsive therapy
187
light therapy
use of specialized illuminating light boxes and visors to treat seasonal affective disorder
188
psychotherapy
treatment of psychiatric disorders using verbal and nonverbal interaction with patients, individually or in a group, employing specific actions and techniques
189
behavioral therapy
treatment to decrease or stop unwanted behavior
190
cognitive therapy
treatment to change unwanted patterns of thinking
191
psychotropic drugs
meds used to treat mental illness
192
neuroleptic drugs
drugs used to treat psychosis
193
GAD
generalized anxiety disorder
194
PET
positron-emission tomography
195
EEG
electroencephalogram
196
HD
huntington disease
197
LP
lumbar puncture
198
MRA
magnetic resonance angiography
199
MS
multiple slerosis
200
NCV
nerve conduction velocity
201
OCD
obsessive-compulsive disorder
202
SAD
seasonal affective disorder
203
TIA
transient ischemic attack
204
paresis
slight paralysis
