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PID (F23) > Block III - Parasitology and Bacteriology > Flashcards

Block III - Parasitology and Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

Phoresis

A

two organisms ONLY traveling together (no other relationship)

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2
Q

Mutualism

A

+/+
both organisms benefit from the relationship

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3
Q

Commensalism

A

+/0
One organism benefits from the relationship while the other is unaffected

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4
Q

Parasitism

A

+/-
One organism benefits from the relationship while the other is harmed

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5
Q

Mechanical vector

A

a vector which transmits an unchanged parasite

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6
Q

Biological vector

A

a vector in which the parasite multiplies/develops before being transmitted to another host;

vector can be intermediate or indefinite

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7
Q

Protozoa

A

a type parasite that can only multiply in a defined host
-Single celled (eukaryotic)
-Classified by appendage used for locomotion

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8
Q

Helminth

A

WORMS

Adults do not multiply in adult hosts. The worms will die over time unless the host is re-exposed to the helminth

disease is proportional to exposure

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9
Q

Definitive host

A

Hosts that harbor the adult stage of the parastie

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10
Q

Intermediate host

A

Hosts that harbor the larval stage

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11
Q

Paratenic host

A

Hosts that harbor parasites that do NOT need to undergo development

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12
Q

Reservoir

A

definitive host that serves to maintain the parasitic life cycle in nature

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13
Q

Incidental Host

A

An unusual host that is not normally needed to maintain the parasite in nature

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14
Q

Obligate parasite

A

A parasite that is totally dependent on its host

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15
Q

Temporary parasite

A

A parasite that is only parasitic for a limited amount of time (may be for feeding or reproduction)

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16
Q

Facultative parasite

A

Organisms that are not normally parasitic but become so when they find themselves inside a host (similar to opportunistic bacteria)

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17
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Parasite that lives inside the host and causes INFESTATIONS

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18
Q

Endoparasite

A

Parasite that lives inside the host and causes INFECTIONS

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19
Q

Host specificity

A

Some parasites require specific definitive/intermediate hosts -> lifecycles may only be able to be completed in a particular host

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20
Q

What are the 4 conditions for endemic parasitism?

A

1) reservoir of infection
2) means of transmission to susceptible hosts
3) ability to invade/establish in new hosts
4) ability to reproduce

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21
Q

Nematode

A

AKA roundworm
-round
-completely alimentary canal
-celom
-usually separate sexes

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22
Q

Trematodes

A

AKA flukes
-dorso-ventrally flattened
-incomplete alimentary canal with no celom
-hermaphroditic
-oral and ventral sucker (attachment)

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22
Q

Cestodes

A

AKA tapeworm
-flat body with no celom or canal
-Hermaphroditic
-Scolex with suckers
-Strobila with proglottids

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23
Q

Acari

A

AKA mites
-microscopic
-body with scales, spines, and setae
-claws and suckers on legs (attachment)

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24
Q

What are the common routes of parasitic entry?

A

-Ingestion
-Skin or mucosal penetration
-Transplacental
-Transmammary
-Arthropod bite
-Sex

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25
Q

Mechanical damage

A

-Blockage of internal organs
-pressure atrophy
-migration through tissues

26
Q

Toxic products

A

-destructive enzymes
-endotoxins
-toxic secretion

27
Q

Nutrient loss

A

Parasites often compete with the host for nutrition and can interfere with nutrient absorption

28
Q

What are some bacterial organelles and their functions?

A

-Cytoplasm
-Nucleoid (DNA)
-Ribosomes
-Plasma membrane
-Cell-wall

-Plasmid: circular DNA molecule that holds non-essential genes (virulence factors and Abx resistance)

-Bacterial Envelope: hold membrane associated proteins and made up of peptidoglycan

-Membrane associate proteins: nutrient transport, ATP factor, anchors

29
Q

Outer membrane

A

ONLY IN GRAM NEGATIVE (pink)
-has an ext. lipid layer -> lipopolysaccharide
-LIPID A: ENDOTOXIN
-Porins

30
Q

Periplasm

A

multipurpose compartment for complex nanomachines

31
Q

Mycobacteria

A

Characterized by mycolic acid which forms a thick, waxy cell wall
-cannot be gram stained-> ACID FAST

32
Q

Mollicutes

A

AKA mycoplasm
-no cell wall
-PM with sterols
-pleomorphic and unstable

33
Q

Capsule

A

A polysaccharide layer (glycocalyx) present on some bacteria;

Function: protection, adherence, nutrient reserve

34
Q

Pili

A

hair like appendages attached to the cell wall; helps with adhesion to hosts

35
Q

Endospores

A

ONLY GRAM POSITIVE

Dormant capsules that ensure survival of the bacterial genome in adverse environments

-CANNOT BE GRAM STAINED -> Endospore stain

36
Q

Flagella

A

Appendages that are anchored to the envelope; used for locomotion or motility

37
Q

Stages of Infection

A

1) Exposure
2) Infection
3) Onset of Infectiousness
4) Onset of Symptoms
5) End of Infectiousness
6) Resolution

38
Q

Incubatory Carriers

A

Carrier that is incubating the pathogen but not ill (may be shedding)

39
Q

Convalescent Carriers

A

Recovering carrier (no longer showing symptoms) but still shedding

40
Q

Persistent Carriers

A

Recovered carrier but still carrying the pathogen

41
Q

Healthy carrier

A

AKA Subclinical

Asymptomatic carrier but shedding

42
Q

Clinical Carrier

A

Infectious carrier with a clinical infection (acute, peracute, chronic)

43
Q

Virulence factors

A

Traits that confer pathogenicity (may enable specific physical characteristics)

44
Q

Exotoxins

A

-secreted by the bacteria
-highly antigenic

45
Q

Intracellular targets

A

-modulate host cell metabolism
-produce cell death
AB Toxins, Type III (fomites)

46
Q

Membrane Damaging Toxins

A

Cytoxic effects –> cell death

47
Q

Cell-surface Active Toxins

A

Attach to receptors and activate 2nd messengers –> disturb metabolic pathways

48
Q

Superantigens

A

A class of cell-surface toxins

Causes excessive stimulation of T-lymphocytes + massive T-cell proliferation and cytokine release (leads to fever, arthritis, dermatitis, shock)

49
Q

Extracellular Matrix toxins

A

Toxins that accumulate between/below cells allowing free movement of bacteria

50
Q

Lipid A

A

Gram-negative toxin that induces signaling and immune dysregulation

51
Q

Septic shock syndrome

A

Critical reduction in tissue perfusion and acute organ failure

52
Q

Siderophores

A

Regulates iron uptake
-cytokine damages host cells causing release of ferritin, Hb, and lactoferritin

53
Q

Capsule

A

Protects bacteria from being neutralized or killed by immune system

54
Q

Quorum-Sensing

A

Bacterial colony reaches a necessary density where the mass of pheromones allow the colony to communicate, thereby acting as one

55
Q

Transformation

A

bacteria acquire free DNA from environment

56
Q

Transduction

A

bacteriophages (viruses of bacteria) transfer DNA from one bacterium to another

57
Q

Conjugation

A

one bacterium transfers plasmid (hold virulence factors) to another bacterium

58
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotic, non-photosynthetic heterotrophs
-exoenzymes (nutrient absorption)
-aerobic (require O2)
-cell wall characterized by CHITIN
-Sexual (spores) and asexual (budding, fragmentation) reproduction

59
Q

pathogenic fungi

A

establish in normal hosts (primary systemic mycoses)

60
Q

Opportunistic fungi

A

Fungi that are likely to establish in immunocompromised hosts

61
Q

soil resevior

A

fungus that grow in soil (primary source of mycoses)

62
Q

Fungal structure

A

single or multicellular with hyphae (multiple hyphae join together to form mycelium) that are non-motile

PID (F23) (4 decks)

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