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PID (F23) > Block III - Parasitology and Bacteriology > Flashcards

Block III - Parasitology and Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

Phoresis

A

two organisms ONLY traveling together (no other relationship)

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2
Q

Mutualism

A

+/+
both organisms benefit from the relationship

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3
Q

Commensalism

A

+/0
One organism benefits from the relationship while the other is unaffected

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4
Q

Parasitism

A

+/-
One organism benefits from the relationship while the other is harmed

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5
Q

Mechanical vector

A

a vector which transmits an unchanged parasite

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6
Q

Biological vector

A

a vector in which the parasite multiplies/develops before being transmitted to another host;

vector can be intermediate or indefinite

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7
Q

Protozoa

A

a type parasite that can only multiply in a defined host
-Single celled (eukaryotic)
-Classified by appendage used for locomotion

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8
Q

Helminth

A

WORMS

Adults do not multiply in adult hosts. The worms will die over time unless the host is re-exposed to the helminth

disease is proportional to exposure

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9
Q

Definitive host

A

Hosts that harbor the adult stage of the parastie

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10
Q

Intermediate host

A

Hosts that harbor the larval stage

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11
Q

Paratenic host

A

Hosts that harbor parasites that do NOT need to undergo development

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12
Q

Reservoir

A

definitive host that serves to maintain the parasitic life cycle in nature

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13
Q

Incidental Host

A

An unusual host that is not normally needed to maintain the parasite in nature

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14
Q

Obligate parasite

A

A parasite that is totally dependent on its host

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15
Q

Temporary parasite

A

A parasite that is only parasitic for a limited amount of time (may be for feeding or reproduction)

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16
Q

Facultative parasite

A

Organisms that are not normally parasitic but become so when they find themselves inside a host (similar to opportunistic bacteria)

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17
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Parasite that lives inside the host and causes INFESTATIONS

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18
Q

Endoparasite

A

Parasite that lives inside the host and causes INFECTIONS

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19
Q

Host specificity

A

Some parasites require specific definitive/intermediate hosts -> lifecycles may only be able to be completed in a particular host

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20
Q

What are the 4 conditions for endemic parasitism?

A

1) reservoir of infection
2) means of transmission to susceptible hosts
3) ability to invade/establish in new hosts
4) ability to reproduce

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21
Q

Nematode

A

AKA roundworm
-round
-completely alimentary canal
-celom
-usually separate sexes

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22
Q

Trematodes

A

AKA flukes
-dorso-ventrally flattened
-incomplete alimentary canal with no celom
-hermaphroditic
-oral and ventral sucker (attachment)

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22
Q

Cestodes

A

AKA tapeworm
-flat body with no celom or canal
-Hermaphroditic
-Scolex with suckers
-Strobila with proglottids

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23
Q

Acari

A

AKA mites
-microscopic
-body with scales, spines, and setae
-claws and suckers on legs (attachment)

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24
What are the common routes of parasitic entry?
-Ingestion -Skin or mucosal penetration -Transplacental -Transmammary -Arthropod bite -Sex
25
Mechanical damage
-Blockage of internal organs -pressure atrophy -migration through tissues
26
Toxic products
-destructive enzymes -endotoxins -toxic secretion
27
Nutrient loss
Parasites often compete with the host for nutrition and can interfere with nutrient absorption
28
What are some bacterial organelles and their functions?
-Cytoplasm -Nucleoid (DNA) -Ribosomes -Plasma membrane -Cell-wall -Plasmid: circular DNA molecule that holds non-essential genes (virulence factors and Abx resistance) -Bacterial Envelope: hold membrane associated proteins and made up of peptidoglycan -Membrane associate proteins: nutrient transport, ATP factor, anchors
29
Outer membrane
ONLY IN GRAM NEGATIVE (pink) -has an ext. lipid layer -> lipopolysaccharide -LIPID A: ENDOTOXIN -Porins
30
Periplasm
multipurpose compartment for complex nanomachines
31
Mycobacteria
Characterized by mycolic acid which forms a thick, waxy cell wall -cannot be gram stained-> ACID FAST
32
Mollicutes
AKA mycoplasm -no cell wall -PM with sterols -pleomorphic and unstable
33
Capsule
A polysaccharide layer (glycocalyx) present on some bacteria; Function: protection, adherence, nutrient reserve
34
Pili
hair like appendages attached to the cell wall; helps with adhesion to hosts
35
Endospores
ONLY GRAM POSITIVE Dormant capsules that ensure survival of the bacterial genome in adverse environments -CANNOT BE GRAM STAINED -> Endospore stain
36
Flagella
Appendages that are anchored to the envelope; used for locomotion or motility
37
Stages of Infection
1) Exposure 2) Infection 3) Onset of Infectiousness 4) Onset of Symptoms 5) End of Infectiousness 6) Resolution
38
Incubatory Carriers
Carrier that is incubating the pathogen but not ill (may be shedding)
39
Convalescent Carriers
Recovering carrier (no longer showing symptoms) but still shedding
40
Persistent Carriers
Recovered carrier but still carrying the pathogen
41
Healthy carrier
AKA Subclinical Asymptomatic carrier but shedding
42
Clinical Carrier
Infectious carrier with a clinical infection (acute, peracute, chronic)
43
Virulence factors
Traits that confer pathogenicity (may enable specific physical characteristics)
44
Exotoxins
-secreted by the bacteria -highly antigenic
45
Intracellular targets
-modulate host cell metabolism -produce cell death AB Toxins, Type III (fomites)
46
Membrane Damaging Toxins
Cytoxic effects --> cell death
47
Cell-surface Active Toxins
Attach to receptors and activate 2nd messengers --> disturb metabolic pathways
48
Superantigens
A class of cell-surface toxins Causes excessive stimulation of T-lymphocytes + massive T-cell proliferation and cytokine release (leads to fever, arthritis, dermatitis, shock)
49
Extracellular Matrix toxins
Toxins that accumulate between/below cells allowing free movement of bacteria
50
Lipid A
Gram-negative toxin that induces signaling and immune dysregulation
51
Septic shock syndrome
Critical reduction in tissue perfusion and acute organ failure
52
Siderophores
Regulates iron uptake -cytokine damages host cells causing release of ferritin, Hb, and lactoferritin
53
Capsule
Protects bacteria from being neutralized or killed by immune system
54
Quorum-Sensing
Bacterial colony reaches a necessary density where the mass of pheromones allow the colony to communicate, thereby acting as one
55
Transformation
bacteria acquire free DNA from environment
56
Transduction
bacteriophages (viruses of bacteria) transfer DNA from one bacterium to another
57
Conjugation
one bacterium transfers plasmid (hold virulence factors) to another bacterium
58
Fungi
Eukaryotic, non-photosynthetic heterotrophs -exoenzymes (nutrient absorption) -aerobic (require O2) -cell wall characterized by CHITIN -Sexual (spores) and asexual (budding, fragmentation) reproduction
59
pathogenic fungi
establish in normal hosts (primary systemic mycoses)
60
Opportunistic fungi
Fungi that are likely to establish in immunocompromised hosts
61
soil resevior
fungus that grow in soil (primary source of mycoses)
62
Fungal structure
single or multicellular with hyphae (multiple hyphae join together to form mycelium) that are non-motile

PID (F23) (4 decks)

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