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neuro second semestr 23-24 > Block II: intro cranial nerves & autonomics of head > Flashcards

Block II: intro cranial nerves & autonomics of head Flashcards

1
Q

mention the cranial nerves

A

I Olfactory
II optic
III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
V Trigeminall
VI Abducens
VII Favial
VIII Vestibulocochlear
IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus
XI Accessory
XII hypoglossal

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2
Q

Which cranial nerves are motor?

A

III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
VI Abducens
XI Accesssory
XII Hypoglossal

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3
Q

Whcih cranial nerves are sensory?

A

I olfactory
II Optic
VIII Vestibulocochlear

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4
Q

Which cranial nerves are mixed sensory and motor?

A

V Trigeminal
VII Facial
IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus

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5
Q

which are the 3 sensory afferent modalities?

A

General Somatic Afferent (GSA or general sensory):
touch, pain, temperature, pressure, vibration, proprioception

General Visceral Afferent (GVA or visceral sensory):
sensory input from viscera (except visceral pain in the majority of cases, which travels through sympathetic nerves)

Special Visceral Afferent (SVA or special sensory):
smell, vision, taste, hearing, balance

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6
Q

which are the 3 motor efferent modalities?

A

General Somatic Efferent (GSE or somatic motor):
muscles that develop from somites (skeletal muscle)

Special Visceral Efferent (SVE or branchial motor):
muscles that develop from branchial or pharyngeal arches
(skeletal muscle)

General Visceral Efferent (GVE or visceral motor):
viscera, including glands and smooth muscle

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7
Q

Which cranial nerves have general sensory (GSA?

A

V Trigeminal
VII Facial
IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus

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8
Q

Which cranial nerves have visceral sensory (GVA?

A

IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus

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9
Q

Which cranial nerves have special sensory (SVA?

A

I Olfactory
II Optic
VII Facial
VIII Vestibulocochlear
IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus

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10
Q

Which cranial nerves have somatic motor (GSE?

A

III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
VI Abducens
XII Hypoglossal
XI accessory (aveces))

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11
Q

Which cranial nerves have branchial motor (SVE?

A

V Trigeminal
VII Facial
IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus
XI Accessory

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12
Q

Which cranial nerves have visceral motor (GVE?

A

III Oculomotor
VII Fcaial
IX glossopharyngeal
X Vagus

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13
Q

which are the sensory gnaglions associated to cranial nerves?

A

*Semilunar g. (CN V)
*Geniculate g. (CN VII
*Spiral g. (CN VIII)
*Sup & Inf Glossopharyn . g. (CN
*Sup & Inf Vagus g. (CN X)

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14
Q

where is th eorimary sensory neuron located

A

cell body outside CNS in a
sensory ganglion

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15
Q

where is the secondary sensory neuron located?

A

cell body in nuclei of brainstem dorsal
gray matter; Axons usually cross the midline
to project to thalamus on
opposite (contralateral) side

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16
Q

which are the sensory nucleus in the brianstem?

A

*Nucleus of Spinal Tract
*Pontine Sensory Nucleus
*Mesencephalic Nucleus of CN V
*Vestibular Nucleus
*Cochlear Nucleus
*Nucleus Solitarius

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17
Q

where are soma of tertiary sensory neuron located?

A

thalamic nuclei

18
Q

whch lesions can happen with afferent neurons?

A

Total loss of sensation- anesthesia
Partial loss of sensation-hemianesthesia
Total loss of pain-analgesia
Partial loss of pain-hemianalgesia

19
Q

damage in primary neuron (peropheral nerve) causes:

A

loss of sensation from same side
(ipsilateral)

20
Q

damage in soma of nuclei in breainstem neuron causes:

A

loss of sensation from same side
(ipsilateral)

21
Q

damage in soma in thalamic nuclei after it crosses causes:

A

loss of sensation from opposite side
(contralateral)

22
Q

damage in sensory cortex or tertiary neuron causes:

A

loss of sensation from opposite side
(contralateral)

23
Q

where is th eupper motor neuron located?

A

soma in cortex

24
Q

where does the axon of upper motor neuron project to?

A

its axon projects to neurons in
brainstem nuclei, usually (but not
always) on both sides of the
midline (bilaterally)

All head & neck muscles are
represented bilaterally, except the
sternocleidomastoid, trapezius,
muscles of the tongue and the
lower half of the face

25
Q

where is lower motor neuron located and where does it project to?

A

*cell body located in brainstem or
upper cervical spinal cord

*its axon projects to skeletal muscle
of somatic or branchial origin
through branches of cranial nerves

26
Q

which nerves has motor nuclei in brainstem?

A

*Oculomotor Nucleus (CN III)
*Trochlear Nucleus (CN IV)
*Masticator Nucleus (CN V)
*Abducens Nucleus (CN VI)
*Facial Nucleus (CN VII)
*Nucleus Ambiguus (CN IX, X)
*Accessory Nucleus (CN XI)
*Hypoglossal Nucleus (CN XII)

27
Q

which are the lesions of the motor efferent neurons?

A

Total loss of movement - paralysis
Partial loss of movement - paresis
Increased muscle tone - spasticity
Loss of muscle tone - flaccidity
Exagerated reflexes - hyperreflexia
Muscle wasting - atrophy
Loss of coordination - ataxia
Fasciculations- random twitching of
small muscle groups

28
Q

what happens in upper motor neuron lesion (UMNL)

A

*paresis or paralysis when
voluntary movement is attempted
*spasticity
*hyperreflexia
*symptoms not usually observable
in parts of the body that are
supplied by bilateral UMN
projections

29
Q

what happens in lower motor neuron lesion (LMNL)

A

*paresis or paralysis
*flaccidity
*hyporeflexia or areflexia
*atrophy
*Fasciculation

30
Q

first order neurons of visceral motor efferent pathways (autonomic) are?

A

cell body within CNS
diencephalon and
brainstem
*Hypothalamus
*Olfactory system
*Autonomic centers in
the brainstem reticular
formation

31
Q

presynaptic neurons (parasympathetic) secondary neurons of the automic are where?

A

cell body within brainstem
nuclei (4 parasympathetic nuclei)
*Edinger Westphal Nucleus - oculomotor
*Superior Salivatory Nucleus - facial
*Inferior Salivatory Nucleus - glossopharung
*Dorsal Vagal Nucleus - vagus

32
Q

postsynaptic neurons (postganglionic) efefrent autonomic are where?

A

cell body within ganglia of
the head, and distributed
throughout autonomic
plexuses of the thorax or
abdomen (4 ganglion parasympathetic)
*Ciliary ganglion
*Pterygopalatine ganglion
*Otic ganglion
*Submandibular ganglion

33
Q

Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers in the head are found in the following cranial nerves:

A

CN III (Oculomotor)
CN VII (Facial)
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
CN X (Vagus)

Part of the parasympathetic fibers of the facial andglossopharyngeal nerves travel through short stretches ofbranches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), such as the lingual,
lacrimal and auriculotemporal nerves.

34
Q

The targets of the
postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers in
the head include:

A
  • Sphincter muscle of the pupil
  • Ciliary muscle (involved in accommodation of the lens)
  • Lacrimal gland (stimulate secretion)
  • Salivary glands ( parotid, sublingual and submandibular; stimulate secretion)
35
Q

ALL sympathetic fibers to the head are:

A

postsynaptic

36
Q

soma of postsynaptic sympathetic fibers are in?

A

Superior Cervical Ganglion (SCG)

37
Q

where do presynaptic sympathetic fibers com from?

A

The presynaptic fibers that drive the
neurons in the SCG have their cell
bodies in the lateral horn of the gray
matter of the superior thoracic spinal cord. The
presynaptic axons travel in the ventral
roots, incorporate in spinal nerve, salen del spinal nerve por el white rami communicantes and enter the interganglionic connectives to
reach the SCG.

38
Q

how do axons from postsynaptic sympathetic neurons distribute? and

A

Axons of the postsynaptic sympathetic
neurons travel along the internal carotid
nerve and plexi that form around the
external and internal carotid arteries and its ramifications

39
Q

From these plexi, the postsnaptic sympathetic neurons the fibers use three
routes to reach their targets:

A

(1) plexi along branches of the external and internal carotid arteries
(2) branches of cranial nerves
(3) sympathetic nerves (deep petrosal nerve and sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion)

40
Q

The targets of the postsynaptic sympathetic fibers of the head are the:

A
  • sweat glands
  • arrector pili muscles of the skin
  • walls of blood vessels (including those of the lacrimal and salivary glands and nasal and oral mucosa)
  • tarsal part (smooth muscle) of levator palpebrae
  • dilator pupillae muscle
41
Q

what happens if there is damage of postsynaptic fibers of sympathetic?

A

Horner’s Syndrome:
* Anhydrosis (lack of sweating)
* Redness and warm skin (due to reduced
* Ptosis (droopy eyelid) [only smooth muscle]
* Constricted pupil

neuro second semestr 23-24 (7 decks)

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