Block B: General instruments of proactive landscape planning including the whole territory Flashcards
- What are the most important ways of landscape (environmental) information systems/landscape planning and what are the advantages to have such planning on different political decision levels?
Lecture 2, Lecture 3
- Basis of regulation:
- Measures for the conservation, remediation, and improvement of nature and the landscape
- Setting priorities for measures - Information, participation, and environmental awareness:
- Information basis for landscape users, members of the public, and organizations
- Environmental education, identification with the “homeland” - Valorization of nature and landscape:
-For government demand for environmental performance
-For regional added value through tourism, agriculture, trade, and industry
certification of product and services
- What are the most important ways of implementation of environmental objectives? Financing (through public funds, sponsoring):
Lecture 2, Lecture 3
- Persuasive tools, communication: consultation, participation in the development of measures, pilot projects.
- Instruments of planning and administrative law: Integration into legally binding plans and project decisions (impact assessment, land use plans). Moreover, environmental law, administrative law as the designation of protected areas, and other provisions in the law.
- Economic tools: incentives: taxes, market participation, public property
- What is the philosophy of the impact regulation (compensation regulation) and what are the pros and cons of formalized accounting of lost ecosystem services and respective compensation?
Lecture 2, Lecture 3
Environmental compensation is a legal mechanism for companies to return and mitigate the impacts caused on the environment from activities that use natural resources and are considered effective or potentially polluting, as for example, those capable of causing environmental degradation.
Advantages:
- A faster way to solve environmental debates
- Incentive for economy and investments
- Protect the environment by obliging the companies to mitigate their impairments
Disadvantages:
- The mitigations are not able to return the same previous ecosystem
- Lack of monitoring of the compensation planning may cause even more damages to the environment (lack of biodiversity for example)
- Why do we need models for environmental planning purposes?
Lecture 4
- Models provide the possibility to describe components and interaction of extremely complex systems or processes.
- They allow us to develop scenarios in order to describe future states of the system or process.
- Models save resources and time
- Models are important for planning purposes, because they are responsible for guiding the decisions of the decision makers.
- What are the pre-conditions for a successful use of models in a stakeholder process?
Lecture 4
- The model has to be suitable for the discussion with stakeholders
- It has to be taken into account how/what it has to be done for gaining the trust of the stakeholders in the model
- It has to be checked if the model is able to include the local knowledge and solve the main issues
- Use of the model in the stakeholder forum and in regular meetings transmitting transparency by providing explanation about the model structure, the input data and so one.
- Easy visualization of the model results and an understandable language (maps and simulations)
- Involvement of the stakeholders in the modelling and scenario building process through the adaptation of the model conditions based on the study area, participation in the data collection and organization of constant feedbacks.
- Why is visualization of modelling results necessary for the communication with stakeholders?
Lecture 4
They are important because a good representation of the results increase the trust of the stakeholders in the model itself. Beyond that, presenting the results in easy format helps to increase the participation of the stakeholders through feedback and discussion.
Visualization is also important to include the stakeholders in the scenario building processes.
For presentation of results and interaction with stakeholders:
– Presentation of complex interactions is possible
– Close-to-reality presentation of scenario results
- Easier to understand (for scientists and stakeholders!)
- Attention: Stakeholders can immediately enter the discussion because they are familiar with the area
- Stakeholder believe in the model results because it seems very “natural”
- Results visualized dynamically attract people
It is very important to really make the stakeholders understand, it helps with decision making.
- How has the ecosystem services concept emerged?
Lecture 5
The concept of ecosystem services has gained increasing interest in science and policy over the last two decades. It was originally developed by economists and ecologists with little reference to similar work in environmental planning.
- How can ecosystem services be defined and conceptualized?
Lecture 5
They have been defined and conceptualized in various ways. The three key definitions are:
· Study of the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity (TEEB 2010): Ecosystem services are “the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human well-being”
· Millennium ecosystem assessment (MA 2005): Ecosystem services are “the benefits people obtain from ecosystems”
· Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES 2017) “All the positive contributions or benefits, and occasionally negative contributions, losses or detriments, that people obtain from nature. It resonates with the use of the term ecosystem services, and goes further by explicitly embracing concepts associated with other worldviews on human-nature relations and knowledge systems (e.g., nature’s gifts in many indigenous cultures)”
- Which types (categories) of ecosystem services are considered?
Lecture 5
Diverse categorization systems exist for ecosystem services. One of the most frequently used systems is the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES). Similarly, to other classification systems, CICES distinguishes (i) provisioning services, (ii) regulation and maintenance services, and (iii) cultural services. Other system (MA 2005), considers maintenance services as (i) supporting services transversal to (ii) provisioning, (iii) regulating, and (iv) cultural services.
- Why does the concept of ecosystem services matter for environmental planning?
Lecture 5
The concept of ecosystem services is similar to concepts already applied in landscape and environmental planning. Integrating the ecosystem services concept in landscape planning stronger emphasizes the contributions of landscapes to human well-being (as valued in diverse ways, including economic approaches) and can thus provide additional arguments for the conservation and sustainable use of landscapes.
- Describe briefly the German planning system with regard to renewable energies.
Lecture 6
By aiming the to improve the development in the sector, Germany’s planning relies on three concepts:
Climate protection program 2030 (climate cabinet):
This program has as the main targets the energy transition to renewable energy aligned with the climate protection goals
Renewable energy source act (since 2000):
The development of regulations in the energy sector to support a faster development of the renewable energy sector, as for instance, in the first period of the law when politically, fixed prices were used to promote the development of the technology. The main target is to reach the RE consumption of 80% by 2050.
Renewable energies heat act (2008)
It stipulates that owners of future buildings must cover part of their heating requirements from RE.
- What problems arise in implementing the expansion of wind energy use?
Lecture 6
a
- In which areas are the use of wind energy excluded? Why?
Lecture 6
a
- What impact does the use of renewable energies have on the electricity grid? What are the effects of spatial planning in this context?
Lecture 6
a
