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BM330 microbiology > block a lec 2 > Flashcards

block a lec 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is HGT

A

the transfer of genes from one independent organism to another

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2
Q

what do stable recombinants have

A

characteristics of donor and recipient

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3
Q

why is HGT important

A

expansion of ecological niche, increased survival

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4
Q

3 methods in which DNA can be donated

A

conjugation
transformation
transduction

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5
Q

what are 2 stable recombinant fates

A

integration of donor DNA (occurs in organisms that are genetically close)
donor DNA self replicates

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6
Q

2 unstable recombinant fates

A

diluted down if donor DNA cannot self replicate
host restriction degrades foreign DNA

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7
Q

what is transformation

A

genetic transfer process by which DNA is incorporated into a recipient cell and brings about genetic change

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8
Q

what does competent mean

A

cells are capable of taking up (naked) DNA and being transformed

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9
Q

name given to process where electricity is used to force cells to take up DNA

A

electroporation

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10
Q

what is competence said to be in naturally transformable bacteria

A

regulated

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11
Q

what is transfection

A

transformation of bacteria with DNA extracted from a bacterial virus

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12
Q

how is transfection carried out

A

integration or replication of the bacteriophage

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13
Q

what is transduction

A

transfer of DNA from one cell to another by a bacteriophage due to mispackaging of the bacteriophage genome

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14
Q

what are the names of the 2 modes of transduction

A

generalised and specialised

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15
Q

what is generalised transduction

A

DNA from any part of the host genome is packaged inside the virion

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16
Q

what is specialised transduction

A

DNA from a specific region of the host chr is integrated directly into the virus genome

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17
Q

what do phage heads have

A

a discrete amount of DNA that they can take

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18
Q

what is the most abundant phage on the planet

A

bacteriophage

19
Q

generalised transduction efficiency

A

low

20
Q

what step does temperate generalised transduction have

A

lysogeny

21
Q

what step does virulent generalised transduction have

A

lytic

22
Q

efficiency of specialised transduction

A

can be high

23
Q

how does transfer of genes work in s temperate pecialised transduction

A

DNA of temperate virus excises incorrectly and takes adjacent host genes along with it

24
Q

what is phage conversion

A

alteration of the phenotype of a host cell by lysogenisation

25
Q

what happens when a non defective temperate phage lysogenises a cell

A

becomes a prophage

26
Q

what is homoimmunity

A

when a host cell becomes immune to further infection by same phage

27
Q

what can the genome of prophages encode

A

things that are beneficial to the host

28
Q

what is bacterial conjugation

A

mating
mechanism of genetic transfer that involves cell to cell contact

29
Q

what is the difference in plasmids in conjugated donor and recipient cell

A

donor cell contains conjugative plasmid
recipient cell does not contain plasmid

30
Q

what does F plasmid contain

A

genes that regulate DNA rep
several transposable elements that allow host chr integration

31
Q

what are insertion elements

A

they integrate and excise, hop around genes

32
Q

what is essential for conjugation

A

sex pilus

33
Q

what are finbry

A

short protonation receptors

34
Q

how is DNA synthesised in conjugation

A

rolling circle replication

35
Q

what is it called when a cell has a non integrated F plasmid

A

F+

36
Q

what are cells that have an integrated F plasmid called

A

Hfr
high frequency of recombination

37
Q

what can F plasmid integrate into

A

host chr

38
Q

what does presence of F plasmid result in

A

alterations in cell properties

39
Q

what do insertion sequences do

A

facilitate homologous recombination

40
Q

what if only a portion of integrated F plasmid is transferred by donor

A

recipient cell does not become Hfr

41
Q

what happens if Hfr strains differ in integration position of F plasmid

A

transfer genes in diff order

42
Q

what are genetic crosses used for

A

with HFr strains to map order of genes on chr

43
Q

what are F’ plasmids

A

previously integrated F plasmids that have excised and captured some chr genes

BM330 microbiology (5 decks)

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