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Gross Anatomy_JM > Block A Disorders > Flashcards

Block A Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Erb Duchenne’s Palsy

A
  • Upper trunk lesion to C5 and C6
  • Waiter’s Tip hand
    • Adducted shoulder, medially rotated arm, extended elbow
  • Paralysis of deltoid, bicpes, and brachialis
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2
Q

Klumpke’s Palsy

A
  • Ulnar Nerve Injury
  • Injury to inferior trunk of BP
    • more rare, when a person grabs a tree limb when falling
  • C8 and T1 are affected
  • Paralysis of short hand muscles (innervated by ulnar nerve) resulting in clawing of the hand
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3
Q

Wrist Drop

A
  • Radial Nerve lesion
  • If you damage deep branch of Radial N only, there is no wrist drop
  • You must injure radial nerve proper because it supplies Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL)
  • ECRL is strong enough alone to prevent wrist drop
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4
Q

Ape Hand Posture

A
  • Median Nerve Injury
  • Upper fingers curved slightly
  • Thumb is adducted; inability for opposable thumb (ie thenar atrophy)
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5
Q

Thenar Atrophy

A
  • Median Nerve Injury
  • Seen with Ape Hand
    *
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6
Q

Positive Froment’s Sign

A
  • Evidence of Distal Ulnar Nerve Injury
  • Have difficulty holding a piece of paper
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7
Q

Ulnar Claw

A
  • Distal Ulnar Nerve Injury
  • 4th and 5th digits are extended at MCP, and flexed at DIP and PIP joints
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8
Q

Tennis Elbow

A
  • Lateral Epicondylitis
  • Can result in compression of the Radial Nerve
  • Repetitive use of the extensor muscles in the forearm
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9
Q

Hirschsprung’s Disease

A

Category - Neurocristopathies (Trunk NCC)

  • NCC Migration/Morphogenesis Defects

Defect - aganglionic colon; NO PERISTALSIS

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10
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome

A

Category

  • Neurocristopathies (Cranial NCC)
  • NCC Migration/Morphogenesis Defects

Defect

  • Thyroid and Parathyroid deficiencies (leads to immunodef)
  • Cleft palate
  • defects in cardiac outflow tract/aortic arches
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11
Q

CHARGE Syndrome

A

Category

  • Neurocristopathies (Trunk/Cranial NCC)
  • NCC Migration/Morphogenesis Defects

Defect

  • C - Coloboma (eye closure)
  • H - Heart (Tetralogy of Fallot)
  • A - atresia choanae (nasal airway blockage)
  • R - retardation (growth and development)
  • G - Genitourinary problems
  • E - Ear abnormalities
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12
Q

Waardenburg Syndrome

A

Category

  • Neurocristopathies (Trunk/Cranial NCC)
  • NCC Migration/Morphogenesis Defects

Defect

  • Heterochromia (1 blue and 1 brown eye) or pale blue eyes
  • Partial albinism (white forelock of hair, polisis)
  • Deafness
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13
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Category

  • NCC Tumors

Defect

  • tumor of chromaffin tissue in the adrenal medulla
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14
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

Category

  • NCC Tumors

Defect

  • Tumor of adrenal medulla and/or autonomic ganglia
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15
Q

Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid

A

Category

  • NCC Tumors

Defect

  • tumor of parafollicular (calcitonin-secreting) cells in thyroid
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16
Q

Carcinoid Tumors

A

Category

  • NCC Tumors

Defect

  • Tumors of enterochromaffin cells of digsestive tract
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17
Q

Neurofibromatosis

(von Recklinghausen disease)

A

Category

  • NCC Tumors

Defect

  • Peripheral nerve tumors all over the body
18
Q

Albinism

A

Category

  • NCC (other)

Defect

  • because NCCs give rise to melanocytes
  • total or partial lack of pigment
    *
19
Q

Rachischisis/Cranioschisis

A

Category

  • Congenital Anomalies of CNS

Defects

  • Closure defect of spinal cord
  • Cranioschisis - closure defect in area of the brain
20
Q

Spina Bifida Occulta

A

Category

  • Congenital abnormalities of the spinal cord

Defects

  • Non-fusion of the embryonic halves of vertebral arches (not fused in median plane)
    • Spinal Dermal Sinus - dimple/hair/fat deposit at L5/S1
    • NO SYMPTOMS (affects 10% of population)
    • NO NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS
21
Q

Spina Bifida Cystica

A

Category

  • Congenital Abnormalities of the spinal cord

Defects

  • Protrusion of spinal cord/meninges through defect in vertebral arch
  • Increass in AFP indicative of SB or anecephaly

Types

  • with meningocele - sac contains meninges and CSF ONLY
    • NO NEUROLOGIC DEFECTS
  • w/ meningomyelocele - sac contains spinal cord and/or roots
    • YES NEURO DEFECTS
  • w/ Myeloschisis (worst case) - flattened neural plate
    • spinal cord is exposed
    • fusion failure at 4th week
22
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

Fracture occurs from blunt force trauma

23
Q

Spiral Humeral Fracture

A

Differential forces placed on a bone (falling onto an outstreched arm

24
Q

Surgical Neck Fracture

A
  • Falling in an outstretched arm (for osteoporosis pts)
  • Possible damage to axillary n. and posterior humeral circumflex artery
25
Q

Smith’s Fracture

A

Fracture of distal radius with anterior displacement

Falling onto flexed wrist” or you get hit from dorsal surface

Less Common

26
Q

Colles Fracture

A

Posterior displacement in distal radius fracture

VERY COMMON

“Dinner Fork” fracture

27
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

Incomplete break - occurs in young pts; when you have developing bone

Like trying to break a wet twig

28
Q
  1. What ligament is torn in Nurse Maid’s Elbow
  2. Which joint does it affect?
A

Radial had dislocates from anular ligament

Occurs when child’s forearm is pulled forcibly

(dislocation of proximal radioulnar joint

29
Q

What is the most commonly fractured carpal bone?

A

SCAPHOID

It does not have a lot of collateral flow so it can become necrotic

30
Q

What are the contents of the Carpal Tunnel? What test can you perform to ensure there is not a more proximal median n. lesion?

A
  • Carpal Tunnel contains
    • 9 flexor tendons (4 FDS + 4 FDP + 1 FPL)
    • Median N (not palmar cutaneous branch)
  • If pt has no sensation in palm, then there is a lesion in Median N. more proximal.
31
Q

What happens in Depuyten’s Contracture?

A

Palmar Aponeurosis contains the wrong type of collagen

Most often affects the 4th and 5th digits

32
Q

What is a Chordoma?

A

Notochord fails to degenerate after it contributes to the nucleus pulposis in the IV disks, and forms highly neoplastic tumor called chordoma

33
Q

What embryological defect results in communication between right and left atria? What 2 flavors of this defect are there?

A

Category

  • Atrial Septal Defects

Defect

  • Patent forament ovale - most common ASD; foramen ovale fails to close
    • Anatomic PFO - (probe patent) - no actual mixing of blood bc of pressure difference, but you can actuallyl stick your probe through it like in cadaver lab
    • Physiological PFO - mixing of blood
34
Q

What is the worst type of ASD? What failed to form in this defect?

A

Category

  • ASD

Defect

  • Common atrium - very severe defect
  • Neither septum primun nor secundum formed
    • Result is enlarged fetal heart
35
Q

What 2 major categories of VSDs are there? Explain the embryology behind both types? Which is worse and why?

A

Category

  • VSD - mixing of blood between ventricles

Defect

  • Muscular VSD - muscular component of septum fails to proliferate sufficiently
  • Membranous VSD - membranous portion fails to close superior aspect of ventricle
    • Are more severe because they are associated with defects in great vessels as well (common precursor NCC)
36
Q

What is a persistent Truncus Arteriosis? What is the underlying embryology behind this failure?

A

Category

  • VSD

Defect

  • Failed separation of aorta and pulmonary trunk (common outflow tract)
  • Both ventricles empty into common outflow trunk
  • Results from *migrational failure of cardiac NCC *that normally enter 4th and 6th pharangeal arches
37
Q

What is the underlying embryology behind a transpositionof great vessels? How does the body compensate for this?

A

Category

  • VSD

Defect

  • Jet of cells that “push and spiral” great vessels
  • Often is accompanied by “back up” shunting mechanism to allow for *some *oxygenation of blood
    • ASD (PFO)
    • Compensatory VSD
38
Q

What are the 4 defects with Tetralogy of Fallot? What causes this?

A

Category

  • Heart defects

Defect

  1. Pulmonary Stenosis - Narrowing of the Pulmonary Trunk
  2. VSD
  3. Overriding Aorta - aorta opens into RV and portion of LV (eg big boy flab into the middle seat)
  4. Enlarged RV - RV hypertrophy

Cause - inappropriate migration of Cardiac NCC “Misallocation of funds” - you have a larger aorta and a smaller pulmonary trunk (NCC didn’t split the great vessels down the middle (equal allocation of funds)

39
Q
A

Category

Defect

*

40
Q
A

Category

Defect

*

41
Q
A

Category

Defect

*

Gross Anatomy_JM (10 decks)

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