Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Block A > Flashcards

Block A Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pharmacological antagonist?

A

When a drug counteracts another by acting on the same receptor type.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is irreversible competitive antagonism?

A

Where the bond between antagonist and receptor is so strong that even increasing conc of agonist won’t displace it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is non-competitive antagonist?

A

Antagonists which bind to another site and change the structure of the active site.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does pharmacology refer to?

A

The mechanism of action of drugs in living tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a drug?

A

A substance which modifies the effect of living tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who said “all things are poisons, for there is nothing without poisonous qualities. It is the does which makes a thing a poison.”

A

Paracelsus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Botulinum toxin?

A

Gram-positive, rod shaped, anaerobic, spore forming bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is Botox a good example of the importance of dose size?

A

While it is one of the most deadly substances in the world it also has a wide range of therapeutic effects such as treating migraines, misaligned eyes, ect..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two types of drug toxicity?

A

Iatrogenicity- Capacity to produce disease from side effects.

Teratogenicity- Capacity to produce abnormalities of the unborn child or foetus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What went wrong with Thalidomide?

A

It has two isotopes:
R-Sedative effect.
S-Teratogenic effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are drugs studied?

A

High throughput screening- Thousands of drugs screened per day.
Ex Vivo- Tissue samples used to test drug, more physiological relevant.
In Vivo- Animal model testing, patient clinical trials.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name some drug targets.

A

-Ion channels
-Enzymes
-Transporters/ carriers
-Receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a receptor.

A

Recognition molecules composed of regulatory proteins. May recognise and response to outside stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the biggest targets for clinically effective drugs?

A

1)Enzymes
2)GPCR
3)Ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What molecule does Salbutamol mimic?

A

Adrenaline.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does salbutamol do?

A

-Interacts with a Beta 2 adrenoceptor. (GPCR)
-Mechanism occurs which activated adenylate cyclase
-Causes increases in cyclic AMP
-Inhibits release of calcium in cell
-Calcium is important for constriction, therefore allows airways to relax.

17
Q

What causes hay fever?

A

-Pollen binding to IgE antibodies.
-Antibodies activate mast cells.
-Mast cell releases histamine.
-Histamine causes inflammation and swelling.

18
Q

What receptor does histamine activate?

A

Histamine H1 receptor.

19
Q

What are the effects of histamine binding to the H1 receptor?

A

Capillary widening-Increased blood flow

Increased permeability-Fluid released into tissue

Attraction of leukocytes-Extravasation of leukocytes to site of injury

systemic response-Fever and proliferation of leukocytes

20
Q

What type of drug are antihistamines?

A

H1 receptor antagonist.

21
Q

Give some examples of drugs acting as antagonists.

A

Beta blockers (B1 antagonist)-For heart arrhythmia

H2 receptor antagonist-Treats stomach ulcers

Angiotensin 2 receptor antagonists- Lower blood pressure

Purinergic receptor antagonists-Treats heart attacks.

22
Q

How does aspirin work?

A

Works on the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase as an inhibitor (COX inhibitor)

23
Q

What does the enzyme Cyclo-oxygenase do?

A

Oxidises the arachidonic acid into a cyclical compound into PGH2.
PGH2 is then converted into either TXA2 or PGE.

24
Q

What are the two types of COX enzyme that aspirin inhibits?

A

COX-1 enzyme-Inactivates

COX-2 enzyme-Switches the activity to produce anti-inflammatory lipid products.

25
Q

What is PGE2?

A

This is a prostaglandin.
It is involved in inflammation
It is mediated by COX-2

26
Q

What is TXA2?

A

Prostaglandin-like product.
Involved in platelet aggregation during clotting.
Mediated by COX-1.

27
Q

What are the benefits of inhibiting COX-2?

A

Reduced inflammation- Good for arthritis, sports injuries, headaches, period pain, ect..

28
Q

What superseded Aspirin?

A

Paracetamol and Ibuprofen.

29
Q

What is Aspirin good for besides pain relief?

A

Low dose Aspirin is useful in prevention of secondary heart attacks.

30
Q

What does ACE stand for?

A

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme.

31
Q

What does ACE do?

A

Coverts Angiotensin 1 to 2.

32
Q

What doe Angiotensin 2 do?

A

Constricts blood vessels leading to increase in blood pressure.

Also stimulates release of hormone aldosterone which promotes Na and water reabsorption in kidneys. Leads to greater volume of blood in vessels.

33
Q
A

Pharmacology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions